對話推動和平文化

Article by

Ambassador Anwarul K. Chowdhury

Former Under-Secretary-General and High Representative

of the United Nations

Sep 7， 2015

Translated by Guo Juanjuan

This week， for the fourth time in a row， the annual gathering of the apex intergovernmental body of the United Nation deliberating on peace and non-violence will take place at the U.N. headquarters in New York.

President of the ongoing 69th session of the General Assembly Mr. Sam Kahamba Kutesa has convened the fourth U.N. High Level Forum on the Culture of Peace on Sep. 9.

This daylong event is an opportunity for U.N. Member States， U.N. system entities， media and civil society interested in discussing the ways and means to promote the Culture of Peace and to join the discourse on strengthening the global movement for the implementation of the U.N. Declaration and Programme of Action on the Culture of Peace as adopted by consensus by the General Assembly on Sep. 13， 1999.

It also creates a platform for various stakeholders to have an exchange on the emerging trends and policies that can significantly impact on advancing the culture of peace.

本周將在位于紐約的聯合國總部舉行第四屆和平與非暴力商討。

第69屆聯合國大會主席薩姆·庫泰薩先生將于9月9日組織召開第4屆“聯合國和平文化高級別論壇”。

這一論壇為有志于商討推動和平文化途徑與方法的聯合國成員國、聯合國系統實體機構、媒體單位以及民間團體提供一次機遇，討論加強實施1999年9月13日聯合國大會一致通過的《聯合國和平文化宣言和行動綱領》的行動計劃。

同時，為各利益相關方創建一個平臺，可就新興趨勢以及可對推動和平文化產生重大影響的政策交流意見。

Historical context

歷史背景

The adoption of the Declaration and Programme of Action on Culture of Peace was a watershed event as a possible response to the evolving dynamics of global war and security strategies in a post-Cold War world. It has been an honour for me to Chair the nine-month long negotiations that led to the adoption of the Declaration and Programme of Action.

This historic norm-setting document is considered as one of the most significant legacies of the United Nations that would endure generations. I would always treasure and cherish that. For me this has been a realisation of my personal commitment to peace and my humble contribution to humanity.

In the responsibility that the United Nations – as the only universal body – must shoulder in fulfilling its Charter obligation of maintaining international peace and security worldwide， stronger focus on prevention and peace building is essential.

The United Nations needs to be more than a fire brigade rushing in to put out the conflagrations and then withdraw from the scene without doing anything to ensure that fires do not break out again.

《聯合國和平文化宣言和行動綱領》的通過具有轉折性意義，是對冷戰后全球戰爭動態與安全戰略的一個可能性回應。我有幸主持了長達9個月的商討，并最終促成了該宣言和行動綱領的通過。

這一具有歷史意義的規范性文件是聯合國最為重要的遺產之一，將影響我們的子子孫孫。我會對此永遠充滿珍惜和珍愛之情。對我而言，這實現了我個人對和平的承諾，以及我對人類的卑微貢獻。

就責任而言，聯合國作為唯一的全球性機構必須承擔起《聯合國憲章》規定的義務，維護全球和平與國際安全，將加強預防與和平建設作為工作重點。

聯合國應該不僅僅限于充當沖入火災現場撲滅火災的消防隊，不應該在滅火后從現場撤離，而不采取任何措施防止火情再次發生。

In a historical perspective it is worthwhile to note that asserting and re-affirming the commitment of the totality of the United Nations membership to build the Culture of Peace， the General Assembly has been adopting resolutions on the subject every year since 1997.

The Assembly， through its annual substantive resolutions， has highlighted the priority it attaches to the full and effective implementation of these visionary decisions which are universally applicable and sought after by the vast majority of all peoples in every nation. It recognises the need for continuous support to the strengthening of the global movement to promote the Culture of Peace， as envisaged by the United Nations， particularly in the current global context.

The Forum in 2013 included Ministerial level participation and at its 68th session， the General Assembly adopted， by consensus， Resolution 68/125 on “Follow-up to the Declaration and Programme of Action on a Culture of Peace”， which was co-sponsored by 105 Member States.

從歷史角度來看，值得注意的是主張和重申聯合國全體成員國對構建和平文化的承諾。1997年起，聯合國大會每年都通過有關和平文化的決議。

聯合國大會通過其年度實質性決議強調了對充分有效地實施這些具有遠瞻性決議的重視。這些決議具有普遍適用性，是各國大多數人民積極尋求的結果。聯合國大會認識到必須不斷支持加強全球行動以推動和平文化，特別是在當前全球環境下。這也正如聯合國的設想。

2013年“聯合國和平文化高級別論壇”部長級會議，以及由105個成員國聯合主辦的聯合國大會第68次會議一致同意通過“和平文化宣言和行動綱領（續）”68/125號決議。

This year the keynote speaker at the Forum is the fifth grandson of Mahatma Gandhi， Mr. Arun Gandhi， who prides calling himself “The Peace Farmer” as he sows the seeds of peace and non-violence following the footsteps of his grandfather whose birthday on Oct. 2 is observed by the United Nations and the international community as the International Day of Non-Violence.

He builds on the message of last year’s keynote speaker Ms. Leymah Gbowee， 2011 Nobel Peace Prize laureate who is a global legend leading civil society activism for peace and equality. Of course， Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon will join the Forum at the opening with his ardent advocacy for the culture of peace.

The 2015 Forum will comprise of two multi-stakeholders interactive panels which will focus on： （1） “Promotion of the Culture of Peace in the context of the Post-2015 sustainable development agenda； and （2） “Role of the media in the promotion of the culture of peace”.

This High Level Forum is taking place at a time of some of the worst violence against civilians we have seen in recent years. Clearly， the hope that the new millennium would be a harbinger of peace has turned out to be rather misplaced.

今年和平論壇的主旨發言人是圣雄甘地的第五個孫子阿倫·甘地先生。阿倫·甘地自豪地稱呼自己為“和平耕種者”，因為他跟隨祖父的腳步播種了和平與非暴力的種子。圣雄甘地的生辰日10月2日被聯合國以及國際社會定為“國際非暴力日”。

他的演講延續并擴展了去年論壇主旨發言人萊伊曼·古博韋女士的演講內容。萊伊曼·古博韋女士是2011年諾貝爾和平獎獲得者，是全球領導公民社會運動推動和平與平等的傳奇人物。當然，聯合國秘書長潘基文將參加論壇開幕式，表達對和平文化的熱烈擁護。

2015年“聯合國和平文化高級別論壇”包括多利益相關者的兩大互動版塊，將主要集中在（1）在2015年后可持續發展議程背景下推動和平文化；（2）媒體在推動和平文化中的作用。

此次高級別論壇的召開正值近年來我們目睹民眾遭受最嚴重暴力事件之際。顯然，新千年成為和平預兆的希冀被證明是相當錯誤的。

The lesson in this， I believe， is that however much the world around us changes， we cannot achieve peace without a change in our own minds， and thereby in the global consciousness.

The wealth and the technology can only open up the opportunity to better the world. We must have the mind to seize that opportunity； we must have the culture of peace developed in each one of us both as an individual as well as a member of the global society.

Also， we must remember that technology and wealth can be put to destructive use too. The difference between war and peace， between poverty and prosperity， between death and life， is essentially prompted in our minds.

我認為現實的教訓是無論世界如何變化，我們不改變思想以及全球意識，和平就不會達成。

經濟的發展以及技術的進步只是增加了讓世界更美好的機會。我們應該培養緊握這個機會的意識，讓和平文化在每個人頭腦中扎根，無論是作為個體，還是作為全球社會的一員。

同時，我們還應牢記技術進步與經濟發展也可用破壞性事業。戰爭與和平、貧窮與富裕、以及生存與死亡之間的差異主要緣于意識。

Why the culture of peace？

和平文化的重要性

Peace is integral to human existence — in everything we do， in everything we say and in every thought we have， there is a place for peace. Absence of peace makes our challenges， our struggles， much more difficult. I believe that is why it is very important that we need to keep our focus on creating the culture of peace in our lives.

One lesson I have learned in my life over the years is that to prevent our history of war and conflict from repeating itself – the values of non-violence， tolerance， human rights and democratic participation will have to be germinated in every man and woman – children and adults alike.

When we see what is happening around us， we realise the urgent need for promoting the culture of peace – peace through dialogue – peace through non-violence. In a world where tragedy and despair seem to be everywhere， there is an urgent need – if not an imperative – for a global culture of peace.

Each of us can make an active choice each day through seemingly small acts of love， compassion， forgiveness， empathy， cooperation or understanding， thereby contributing to the culture of peace. Eminent proponents of peace have continued to highlight that the culture of peace should be the foundation of the new global society.

In today’s world， more so， it should be seen as the essence of a new humanity， a new global civilisation based on inner oneness and outer diversity.

和平是人類存在不可或缺的一部分——存在于我們的一切行為之中，存在于我們的一切言語之中，存在于我們的一切思維之中。缺乏和平，我們的挑戰與奮斗將充滿更多困難。我相信，這就是為什么我們需要在生活中重點創建和平文化的原因。

我在生命歷程中學到的重要一課就是為了阻止戰爭的歷史和沖突的歷史重演，非暴力、寬容、人權和民主參與等價值觀應在每個人的意識中生根發芽，無論男女老少。

看一下身邊所發生的事情，我們就會意識到推動和平文化的迫切需要——通過對話促進和平、通過非暴力實現和平。在到處充滿悲劇和絕望的世界，全球和平文化即使不是當務之急，也是迫切需要。

我們每個人每天可以通過表達愛、同情、寬恕、合作與理解等看似微小的行為，作出積極主動的選擇，從而對和平文化作出貢獻。和平的杰出倡導者不斷強調和平文化應成為新型國際社會的基礎。

在當今世界更是如此，和平文化應被視為基于內在統一性和外在多樣性的全新人道主義和全新世界文明的本質。

Another reality that emerges very distinctly in culture of peace is that we should never forget when women – half of world’s seven billion plus people – are marginalised and their equality is not established in all spheres of human activity， there is no chance for our world to get sustainable peace in the real sense.

I would reiterate that women in particular have a major role to play in promoting the culture of peace in our violence-ridden societies， thereby bringing in lasting peace and reconciliation. While women are often the first victims of armed conflict， they must also and always be recognised as key to the resolution of the conflict.

I believe with all my conviction that without peace， development is not possible， without development， peace is not achievable， but without women， neither peace nor development can be realised.

和平文化突顯的另一個現實是，我們永遠不應該忘記如果全球一半人口以上的女性被邊緣化，她們在人類活動的所有領域不能得以同等對待，那么我們就無法實現真正意義上的持久和平。

在此我要重申，女性在暴力肆虐的社會中在促進和平文化中發揮尤為重要的作用，從而帶來持久和平與和解。女性通常是武力沖突中的首要受害者，應該被認定為解決沖突的關鍵。

我堅信，沒有和平，發展無法實現；沒有發展，和平無法維護。但是沒有女性，和平與發展都無法實現。

Integral connection between development

and peace

發展與和平的整體連接

In today’s world we continue to perceive an inherent paradox that needs our attention. The process of globalisation has created an irreversible trend toward a global integrated community， while at the same time， divisions and distrust keep on manifesting in different and complex ways.

Disparities and inequalities within and among nations have been causing insecurity and uncertainty that has become an unwanted reality in our lives. That is why I strongly believe that peace and development are two sides of the same coin. One is meaningless without the other； one cannot be achieved without the other.

在當今世界，人們意識中的內在悖論值得我們注意。全球化進程使得全球一體化社區成為不可逆轉的趨勢，而同時分裂與不信任以不同且復雜的方式出現。

國家內部和國家之間的差距與不平等現象引起了不安全感和不確定性，這已經成為我們生活中遭人棄的現實。這也是我堅定地認為和平與發展是同一枚硬幣的兩面的原因。離開了一面，另一面就變得毫無意義，兩者相互依賴。

Education as the most critical element

in the culture of peace

教育：和平文化最關鍵因素

A key ingredient in building the culture of peace is education. Peace education needs to be accepted in all parts of the world， in all societies and countries as an essential element in creating the culture of peace.

The young of today deserve a radically different education –“one that does not glorify war but educates for peace， non-violence and international cooperation.” They need the skills and knowledge to create and nurture peace for their individual selves as well as for the world they belong to.

As Maria Montessori had articulated so appropriately， “Those who want a violent way of living， prepare young people for that； but those who want peace have neglected their young children and adolescents and that way are unable to organize them for peace.”

It is being increasingly realised that over-emphasis on cognitive learning in schools at the cost of developing children’s emotional， social， moral and humanistic aspects has been a costly mistake.

創建和平文化的一個關鍵因素是教育。作為創建和平文化的關鍵因素，和平教育應該在全球各地、社區和國家開展。

今天的青年人應該接受完全不同的教育——“不美化戰爭的教育，灌輸和平、非暴力與國際合作的教育”。他們需要創建和培育和平的技能和知識，為了他們個人，也為了他們身處的世界。

正如瑪利亞·蒙臺梭利恰如其分的表述一樣，“希望暴力生活方式的人會培養年輕人為暴力生活方式做準備；而渴望和平的人卻忽略了對青少年的教育，這樣是無法組織青年人為和平而斗爭的?！?/p>

越來越多的人意識到，過度強調認知學習，而以犧牲兒童的情感、社會、道德和人文教育為代價的做法是一個代價極高的錯誤。

Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon asserted at the very first High Level Forum on the Culture of Peace in 2012 that “…. We are here to talk about how to create this culture of peace. I have a simple， one-word answer： education. Through education， we teach children not to hate. Through education， we raise leaders who act with wisdom and compassion. Through education， we establish a true， lasting culture of peace.”

In this context， I commend the initiative of the Soka University of America located near Los Angeles in initiating in 2014 its annual “Dialogue on The Culture of Peace and Non-Violence” as an independent， unbiased， non-partisan， intellectual forum to outline avenues and direction for incorporating the culture of peace and non-violence into all spheres of the educational experience.

Never has it been more important for us to learn about the world and understand its diversity. The task of educating children and young people to find non-aggressive means to relate with one another is of primary importance.

As I had underscored at the conference hosted by the Hague Appeal for Peace on “Educating toward a World without Violence” in Albania in 2004， “the participation of young people in this process is very essential. Their inputs in terms of their own ideas on how to cooperate with each other in order to eliminate violence in our societies must be fully taken into account.”

Peace education is more effective and meaningful when it is adopted according to the social and cultural context and the country’s needs and aspirations. It should be enriched by its cultural and spiritual values together with the universal human values.

聯合國秘書長潘基文在2012年“和平文化高級別論壇”上曾表示“……我們在此討論如何創建和平文化。我提出一個簡單的解決方案：教育。通過教育，我們可以教導孩子們不懷仇恨；通過教育，我們可以培養胸懷智慧和同情心的領導人；通過教育，我們可以建立真正持久的和平文化。”

在此，我要表彰位于洛杉磯的美國創價大學。該大學2014年發起年度“和平文化與非暴力對話”這一獨立、公正、無黨派偏見的文化論壇，已明確把和平文化與非暴力融入教育各領域的途徑和方向。

對我們來講，了解我們所生活的世界及其多樣性從未如此重要。教育兒童和青少年尋求不具侵犯性的方式互相了解交往，這一任務是重中之重。

“海牙和平呼吁”組織于2004年在阿爾巴尼亞召開了“為無暴力世界而教育”會議，我在會上強調，“青年人參與這一過程非常必要。他們的付出，他們對如何相互合作配合以消除社會中的暴力行為的想法應該得到我們的充分考慮?！?/p>

如果依據社會文化環境、本國需求與愿景實施和平教育，那么它就會更為有效、意義也更重大。和平教育應該得到文化精神價值以及普世人類價值觀的豐富充實。

It should also be globally relevant. The Hague Agenda for Peace and Justice rightly emphasises that “…culture of peace will be achieved when citizens of the world understand global problems； have the skills to resolve conflicts constructively； know and live by international standards of human rights， gender and racial equality； appreciate cultural diversity； and respect the integrity of the Earth.”

Indeed， this should be more appropriately called “education for global citizenship”. Such learning cannot be achieved without well-intentioned， sustained， and systematic peace education that leads the way to the culture of peace.

The U.N. Secretary-General’s Global Education First Initiative’s essential objective is to promote global citizenship as the main objective of education. Connecting the role of individuals to broader global objectives， Dr. Martin Luther King Junior affirmed that “An individual has not started living until he can rise above the narrow confines of his individualistic concerns to the broader concerns of all humanity.”

Let me conclude by asserting that to turn the culture of peace into a global， universal movement， basically all that is needed is for every one of us to be a true believer in peace and non-violence， and to practice what we profess.

Whether it is at events like the annual High Level Forums， in places of worship， in schools or in our homes， a lot can be achieved in promoting the culture of peace through individual resolve and action. Peace and non-violence should become a part of our daily existence. This is the only way we shall achieve a just and sustainable peace in the world.

和平教育應該在全球范圍內開展?！逗Ｑ篮推脚c正義議程》強調，“……只有全球的民眾理解了全球問題，具備了建設性化解沖突的技能，了解并遵守國際人權、性別、民族平等的標準，認同文化多樣性，尊重地球的整體性，和平文化才能實現?！?/p>

事實上，和平教育應該更恰當地被稱為“全球公民教育”。沒有充分、持續、系統的和平教育，關于和平的學習就不可能實現。

聯合國秘書長提出的“首個全球教育倡議“的基本目標是促進全球公民成為教育的主要目標。把每一個個體連接起來，形成更廣泛的全球目標。馬丁·路德·金博士曾言，“一個人并未真正開始生活，除非他超越自我顧慮的狹隘限制而關注整個人類的關切”。

在即將結束的時候，我想說的是要把和平文化變為一個全球性的普遍運動，最基本的是要求我們每個人成為和平與非暴力的真正信仰者，并踐行我們的信仰。

無論是在像年度高級別論壇這樣的盛會，還是在做禮拜的地方，還是在學?；蚴俏覀兊募依铮覀兌伎梢酝ㄟ^個人的決心和行動來推動和平文化。和平與非暴力應該成為我們日常生活的一部分。這才是我們在全球實現公正與持久和平的唯一途徑。

The article is originally printed at（本文原載于）

http：//www.ipsnews.net/2015/09/opinion-promoting-culture-of-peace-through-dialogue-part-one/

http：//www.ipsnews.net/2015/09/opinion-womens-major-role-in-culture-of-peace-part-two/