新疆維吾爾木卡姆藝術

\"Uyghur Muqam of Xinjiang\" is a general term for all kinds of Muqam widespread in Uyghur communities in Xinjiang， China. It is a variety of arts comprising songs， dance and music. In the particular cultural context of Uyghur， \"Muqam\" is a word containing all genres of art elements and cultural meanings including literature， music， dance， rap， drama， ethinic identity， religious faith and so on.

Since ancient time， Xinjiang sitting at the center of the Silk Road is a place inhabited by many minorities where multiple religions coexist， and western and eastern culture clash and merge. It is rich in cultural heritage of ethnic minorities. Muqam has a long history for forming and developing.

“新疆維吾爾木卡姆”是流傳于中國新疆各維吾爾族聚居區的各種木卡姆的總稱，是集歌、舞、樂于一體的大型綜合藝術形式。在維吾爾人的特定文化語境中，“木卡姆”已經成為包容文學、音樂、舞蹈、說唱、戲劇乃至民族認同、宗教信仰等各種藝術成份和文化意義的詞語。

新疆自古以來就是多民族聚居之地，地處古代絲綢之路的中心，多種宗教并存傳播，東西方文化撞擊交融，具有豐厚的民族文化積淀。新疆維吾爾木卡姆有著漫長的形成和發展歷史。

The lyrics of Muqam include proverbs， poetry， exhortations， folktales， constituting a Wikipedia of the lives and townscape of Uyghur people. In style， there are chants and ballads； in sing mode， there are chorus， unison， and solo； in meter and rhythms， there is a multiple forms.

Muqam features mostly on singing and dancing joyously. There are a variety of dancing techniques， and group combinations and pace and gaits of group dance are various.

新疆維吾爾木卡姆藝術中的歌唱內容，包含了哲人箴言、文人詩作、先知告誡、民間故事等，是反映維吾爾人民生活和社會風貌的百科全書。歌曲體裁既有敘詠歌，又有敘事歌；演唱方式既有合唱，又有齊唱、獨唱；唱詞格律與押韻方式，復雜多樣。

載歌載舞，是維吾爾木卡姆最重要的特色。舞蹈技巧豐富多彩，集體舞的隊形組合和步伐步態富于變化。

Except the typical work Twelve Muqam， Dulan Muqam， Turpan MuqaM and Kumul Muqam are also very popular.

Till in 1940s， artists who can play full Muqam singing were numbered. In 1950s， government shot the Twelve Muqam played by famous local masters. After 1978， the local government， together with other civil societies， began to collect and sort out the folk culture in large scale. In recent years， the pop culture which gained wings with urbanization and industrialization become the rage in Uyghur communities， rendering Muqam and other traditional culture under huge impact.

除維吾爾木卡姆的主要代表《十二木卡姆》外，還流傳著《刀郎木卡姆》、《吐魯番木卡姆》、《哈密木卡姆》。

20世紀40年代，能夠完整演唱木卡姆的藝人已屈指可數。50年代，政府搶錄下吐爾地阿洪等維吾爾木卡姆大師演唱的《十二木卡姆》。1978年后，新疆維吾爾自治區政府及其它社會組織，重新開始大規模收集、整理、民族民間文化的工作。近年來，與城市化、工業化一同興盛的各類流行文化，風靡各維吾爾社區，使新疆維吾爾木卡姆等傳統文化受到了強烈沖擊。