聯合國新獎項啟動：表彰、獎勵和激勵青年創新者和創業者

On 21st of April 2015， the UN-Habitat Youth Innovation and Entrepreneurship Award was launched in Nairobi Kenya at the organisations headquarters. The Award was launched on the occasion of the 24th Governing Council of UN-Habitat. Oyebanji Oyeyinka， Director， Monitoring Research Division（MRD）， UN-Habitat and Director， Youth Empowerment Committee， UN-Habitat and Jiang Mingjun， Founding President of the International Ecological Safety Collaborative Organisation （IESCO） and Executive Director， Youth Empowerment Committee， UN-Habitat launched the Award at a special ceremony.

The UN-Habitat Youth Innovation Awards， the first of its kind has jointly been set up by a UN agency， UN-Habitat， an ecological safety organization， IESCO and supported by a private green urban investor from China， the China Development Orient Urban Development and Investment Company Limited （“CDB-ORIENT”） / CDO.

This is the only international award which comprehensively covers areas of everyday human and environmental interaction. The Award recognizes young women and men who have demonstrated innovations in technological， socio-economic and cultural fields via international appreciation， fame， and prize money. The Award aims to inspire projects which contribute meaningfully to the socioeconomic development of society. The scheme is geared towards transforming society for the betterment of individuals while protecting the environment in the context of a rapidly urbanizing world.

2015年4月21日，值聯合國人居署第二十四屆理事大會召開之際，聯合國人居署青年創新創業獎在肯尼亞內羅畢啟動。聯合國人居署監測中心主任、聯合國人居署青年賦權委員會主席班吉·奧伊蘭·奧伊卡和國際生態安全合作組織創始主席、聯合國人居署青年賦權委員會執行主席蔣明君舉行了特別儀式，宣布了該獎項的正式啟動。

聯合國人居署青年創新獎是同類獎項中的第一個，由聯合國人居署和國際生態安全合作組織共同設立。該獎項由來自中國的一家私營綠色城市投資企業——國開東方城鎮發展投資有限公司資助。

這是唯一一個囊括了人與環境日?；臃椒矫婷娴膰H競賽。通過獎金設置、國際認可和國際聲望，該獎項將表彰青年男女在科技、社會經濟和文化等領域中的行動和創新。該獎項旨在激勵那些可能為社會經濟發展做出貢獻意義深遠的行動，計劃在越來越城市化的當今世界，在保護環境的同時，以人類生活的改善為目標對社會進行變革。

For developing countries

針對發展中國家

The tripartite Memorandum Of Understanding signed by the parties formally established the Award which will recognize， honour and promote a young generation of leaders in a position to leverage the power of innovation to establish businesses and enterprises which contribute to solving pressing environmental， economic and social problems of their society. In addition entries that are culturally oriented and projects which promote local customs in their concept， design and operation will merit special consideration.

This new initiative aims to attract， support and inspire some of the most innovative， high-impact young innovators and entrepreneurs in developing countries， especially in Africa and Asia and Latin America.The purpose of the Award is to acknowledge and recognize initiatives which will create positive impact socially， economically and environmentally.

The initiative should act as catalyst towards the promotion of sustainable cities and towns and encourage talent needed for future urban development measured by creation of youth employment， poverty alleviation and ensuring ecological safety. The Award is open to citizens of developing countries.

由三方簽訂的合作諒解備忘錄正式完成了該獎項的設立。該獎項將表彰、獎勵和激勵青年一代的領導人，使他們處于一個恰當的位置，利用創新進行創業，從而幫助解決日前社會中亟待解決的環境、經濟和社會問題。除此之外，還有一些入選者是文化導向型的，那些以自己的理念、設計和運營推動本土文化的項目將予以特別紀念獎勵。

這一新的倡議旨在吸引、支持和激勵那些來自發展中國家特別是來自非洲、亞洲和拉丁美洲的最富有創意、最具影響力的青年創新者和創業者。該獎項旨在認可和表彰那些可以為社會、經濟和環境帶來積極影響的行動。

這些行動應成為建設可持續城市和城鎮的催化劑，并通過幫助青年就業、消除貧困和確保生態安全等措施，鼓勵未來城市發展所需的人才。該獎項面向所有發展中國家的居民開放。

Award categories

獎項類別

There are five categories for the award and projects. These categories span the breadth of the Award and are judged by a Steering Committee of and a panel of expert judges in their fields. Awards will be given for Youth Leadership， Green Inventions and Innovations， Urban Ecological Safety， Social and Cultural innovations and the Young Entrepreneur of the Biennium As highlighted above， cultural initiatives will merit special consideration.

獎項和項目共分為5個類別。這5個類別全面覆蓋了該獎項所涉及的領域，評審委員會和來自各個領域的專家小組共同進行獎項的評審。獎項設置包括青年領導力獎、綠色發明與創新獎，城市生態安全獎，社會和文化創新獎和兩年一度青年創業獎。如前所述，文化行動將予以特別獎勵。

1. Youth Leadership Award

The Award category recognizes the qualities of Vision， Integrity， Humility， Team spirit and Respect. Youth who have demonstrated these values through their leadership and participation in community， activities and organizations， and possess the mindset and skills to succeed as a leader in a challenging social or business environment should apply. Other factors under consideration include： ease of communication， inclusiveness， creative problem solving， networking， and the ability to inspire confidence in others to work with a leader as part of a team.

2. Green Inventions and Innovations Award

This Award will be given to individuals specifically engaged in， for example， setting up solar panels， composting programmes， designing and building wind turbines as well as those who are engaged in energy efficient devices as an alternative to the use of charcoal or firewood. Inventions and Innovations， particularly in the field of renewable energy and use of information technology will be encouraged. Interventions in tackling the spread of communicable diseases through the use of cultural contexts for example by using art and cultural expressions will also be recognized. Initiatives in the use and wide dissemination of such information though the internet and social media will also be encouraged.

3. Urban Ecological Safety Award

This Award aims to recognize young people who have contributed to ecological safety， helping mitigate ecological disasters and the protection of the environment in their communities. The Award will also recognize applicants who have demonstrated clear evidence of carrying out meaningful ecological research with potentially beneficial results.

4. Youth Entrepreneurship Award

This category aims to identify young women and men who are in the start-up phase of their business and whose business concepts and plans show strong growth potential. This Award aims at identifying， recognizing and celebrating the contributions that young entrepreneurs can make all around the world especially in the developing regions.

5. Social and Cultural Innovations Award

According various definitions， social innovation1 has the capacity to address social needs that traditional policy seems increasingly unable to tackle； can contribute to the empowerment of groups and individuals； and the willingness to change social relations. Hence， social innovation is often presented as a way to increase the quality of social services and their cost-effectiveness， offering equivalent， if not superior， outcomes despite considerable budget constraints. One of the noted innovators associated with the term include the founder of Grameen Bank which pioneered the concept of microcredit for supporting innovators in multiple developing countries in Asia， Africa and Latin America.

Cultural Innovation is a concept which is based on the premise that innovation takes place in distinct patterns that rely on cultural perspectives. This Award category will focus on identifying and rewarding Cultural Innovation in various countries.

1. 青年領導力獎

該獎項表彰有遠見、正直、謙遜、團隊合作和尊敬等品質。那些在參與或領導社區、活動和組織中彰顯出以上品質，并且在一個充滿挑戰的社會或商業環境中，具備成功領袖的頭腦和能力的青年可申請該獎項。另外，其他會被考慮的重要品質包括：善于交流、寬容、能夠靈活處理問題，善于交流，善于激發其他成員的自信，使其更好地為團隊工作。

2. 綠色發明及創新獎

該獎項將授予那些尤其從事例如制造太陽能板、堆肥項目、涉及和制造風力渦輪機等活動，以及使用節能工具代理煤炭柴薪的個人。

該獎項將鼓勵在可再生能源和信息技術使用領域的發明及創新。也將獎勵那些通過藝術和文化表達控制傳染病傳播的文化的干預行為，以及通過因特網和社會媒體使用和大量傳播此類信息的行動。

3. 城市生態安全獎

該獎項旨在表彰那些對生態安全做出貢獻，以及在其所在社區內幫助緩解生態災難，保護生態環境的個人。該獎項還會表彰那些進行意義深遠的生態研究活動，取得潛在的良好效果，并有充足證據證明的申請者。

4. 青年創業獎

該獎項旨在表彰那些仍處在創業啟動階段，卻擁有企業理念和潛力巨大的計劃的青年男女，認可、表彰和獎勵在全世界尤其是發展中國家做出貢獻的青年創業家們。

5. 社會和文化創新獎

根據不同來源的定義，社會創新1能夠滿足傳統政策越來越無力應對的社會需求；能夠促進團體和個人賦權；能夠改變社會關系。因此，社會創新是在預算有限的前提下，增進社會服務的質量，節省其成本，提供優于或媲美原來產品的替代品和成果的一種方式。與此相關的一個著名創新案例—格萊米銀行的創建者，這位創建者最先提出了小額貸款的概念，幫助了亞洲、非洲和拉美的很多發展中國家的創新者。

文化創新這一概念基于的前提是，該創新具有與眾不同文化視野的特色。該獎項強調表彰和獎勵不同國家的文化創新。

The organisers seek to invite nominations of initiatives and innovations that have the potential to make changes to the socio-economic fabric of the community both at local and national levels. At the same time the Award Committee is prepared to recognize contribution to the cultural norms of a given society through the promotion of community dialogue which could lead to harmony and mutual understanding which would in turn foster and encourage peace， prosperity and development.

From among the winners， Young Entrepreneur of the Biennium will also be recognized.

Citation will be given to institutions or individuals who have contributed to promoting， guiding and nurturing innovation as to innovators outside the pilot countries.

The Awards Programme aims to Identify， selectiand promotieyoung people who have developed innovative approaches， be it in renewable energy use through viable entrepreneurship， initiatives using Information and Communication Technology to improve lives in their communities， tackling the spread of communicable diseases using cultural interventions， or promoting gender equality.

組織者力求能收到那些有潛力在當地和國家層面對社會經濟構造進行改變的行動和創新的提名。同時，組委會還準備表彰那些通過促進社區對話而對現有社會的文化規范做出貢獻的個人。社區對話促進和諧與相互理解，進而培育和增進和平、繁榮和發展。

其中，兩年一度青年企業家也將予以表彰和獎勵。

對于那些為推動、引導和培育創新做出貢獻的機構或個人，以及試點國家之外的創新者們，會授予紀念獎。

該評獎項目宗旨還包括發現、甄選和表彰那些開展創新的青年，他們在國家或其他層面，或是依靠創業使用可再生能源，開展利用信息技術提高本社區居民生活水平的行動，通過文化干預控制傳染病的傳播，宣傳性別平等等。

UN-Habitat， IESCO and CDO seek to invite nominations of innovations and initiatives that have the potential to make changes to the socio economic fabric of their communities， both at local and national levels.

Winners will not only receive a cash Prize and a certificate from UN-Habitat and IESCO， they will also get a trophy and will benefit from extensive media coverage. The total amount of the prize pool is USD 200，000 and the individual cash grant will be USD 20，000 for each winner and there will be to two winners in each category.

The UN Habitat Youth Innovation Awards are unique as an international competition for young people that encompasses and rewards technological， social， economic and cultural aspects of youth led innovations and presents a wonderful showcase for young peoples’ efforts at ingenuity， creativity， and originality.

The scheme is a comprehensive mechanism which encompasses all facets of life and is geared to bringing serious and meaningful changes to society. It is aimed at transforming society from the bottom up.

聯合國人居署、國際生態安全合作組織和國開東方城鎮發展投資有限公司力求提名那些有潛力在當地和國家層面對社區社會經濟構造進行變革的創新和行動。

獲獎者不僅會獲得一筆獎金和聯合國人居署、國際生態安全合作組織授予的證書、獎杯，并且能從大量的媒體報道中受益。獎金池總額高達20萬美元，每個獎項中的個人獎金額為2萬美元，每個獎項下有兩名獲得者。

聯合國人居署青年創新獎是一場特殊的青年國際競賽，涵蓋在科技、社會、經濟和文化領域青年主導的創新行為，充分展示了青年的聰明才智、創新力和獨創力。

該項目是一個全面的機制，覆蓋生活的方方面面，力求為社會帶來真正的、意義深遠的變化。其宗旨在于帶來自下而上的社會變革。

Who can apply？

誰能申請？

The Awards are global in nature. However， it is primarily open to all Young People aged 15 and 32 from developing countries who are active members of a youth led2 for profit or non-profit organization that aims to improve youth livelihoods and better serve their communities. Individual young entrepreneurs and innovators can also apply.

該獎項面向全球。但是，主要面向發展中國家15-32歲的青年。他們必須是青年領導2的非盈利組織的活躍成員，且致力于提高青年生活水平，更好地為所在的社區服務。青年企業家和投資者也可以以個人名義申請。

Application/ nomination process

申請/提名程序

The application process for nomination has been designed to identify those innovators who have performed outstandingly well. In order to ensure that this process is as open， fair and robust as possible， anyone may nominate a young innovator entrepreneur， including parents， teachers， community members， and even the entrepreneurs/innovators may nominate themselves.

提名的申請程序旨在評選出那些表現極為優秀的創新人才。為了保證評選程序公開、公平和有效，任何人都可以提名一位青年創新企業家，包括家長、教師、社區成員，且企業家/創新者也可以提名他們自己。

Criteria and considerations

標準和考核

The emphasis in judging applicants for the Youth Innovation Award will be how effectively the innovation addresses its stated objectives， how might it lead to improved efficiency， increase job creation and achieve environmentally sustainable goals. These will also be in line with contributions towards the award categories stated above. Specifically， the evaluation criteria that will guide the panel of judges are the following：

對青年創新獎申請者的考核重點為該創新如何有效地發揮作用、怎樣提升效率、增加工作崗位，并實現環境可持續發展的目標。這些也與上述獎項類別的貢獻相一致。評審組將會依照以下評估標準進行考核：

1. Originality of the innovation：

創新的獨創性

a. Is it a new concept or a variation of an existing idea？

它是一個新的概念還是一個現存想法的發展變化？

b. Is it unique to the specified area or adapted from elsewhere？

它針對其特殊領域獨一無二還是從其他領域借鑒而來？

c. Was it conceived and developed independently or was it in cooperation with others？

它是獨自生成、發展的，還是經過了與他人的合作？

2. Impact of the innovation：

創新的影響

a. Will it make a fundamental positive change in youth development processes or simply a minor adjustment？ How impactful will the change be in the promotion of youth development： will it be fundamentally profound or superficial and momentary？ Will it be multifaceted or specific？

它能為青年的發展帶來徹底性積極的改變或只是微小的調整？這些改變對于推動青年發展影響有多大：是徹底顛覆性的，表面的，還是暫時的？它是多方面的還是只針對一方面的？

b. Will its impact be on multiple operational areas or just one specific area？

其作用將影響多個運營領域還是單獨的一個領域？

c. Does it have the potential to reach and impact multitudes？ Is it possible to upscale？

它是否擁有帶來多重影響的潛力？還能擴大影響嗎？

3. Practicality of its application：

其應用的可行性

a. Will it be readily integrated into an existing initiative， process or product ？

它是否可以方便地納入現有的倡議、過程或產品中？

b. Will it be cost-effective to implement？

執行它的投入產出是否平衡？

c. Does its implementation present any risk / uncertainty？ What is the risk factor involved？ Will its implementation lead to skepticism or will it be embraced wholeheartedly？

其執行是否帶來任何風險或不確定性？其中風險因素又是什么？對其執行人們是抱有懷疑態度還是全心全意地接受？

4. Sustainability of the innovation：

創新的可持續性

a. Does the innovation lead to long lasting effect on youth empowerment？

該創新能否為青年賦權帶來長期有效的影響？

b. Can the development approach be applied to similar problems / opportunities？

其開發途徑是否能應用于解決類似問題或情境？

5.Applicability：

可用性：

a. Is this an innovation that can be applied to other youth groups or replicated in a different context or setup？

該創意是否可以應用于其他青年群體或在其它背景下被復制？

b. How have others learnt or benefited from the initiative？ Lessons learnt from this initiative

其他人怎樣從該倡議中獲益？從該倡議中可以吸取哪些經驗？

6. Reliability

可靠性

Is this innovation easy to replicate and has the capacity to be scaled up in different setup. This is a key evaluation criterion.

該創意是否便于復制，能夠在不同的背景下擴大規模？這是評估標準的一個關鍵。

7. The innovation is not more than five years old.

創新開發時間不超過5年。

The deadline for the submission of entries is 31 July 2015. The tentative date for the Award ceremony in Beijing is 24 October 2015.

The Websites of UN-Habitat， IESCO and CDO will carry detailed information on the Award and the Award Process. The submission guide in word format for applications for the Award is available on these websites- Applicants are strongly encouraged to submit electronically if possible. Submissions shall be made in English. Submitters are strongly advised not to use automatic translation.

提交申請的截止日期為2015年7月31日。頒獎日期暫定為2015年10月24日，地點為北京。

聯合國人居署、國際生態安全合作組織和國開東方城鎮發展投資有限公司的網站將就該獎項和評獎過程進行更詳細的說明。文檔格式的提交指南可以在上述網站中下載——強烈推薦申請人提交電子表格。申請表應使用英文填寫。強烈建議申請人不要使用機器翻譯。

Background information --

why a new award for young people3？

背景信息—為什么需要這樣一個針對青年的新獎項3？

All countries， irrespective of their level of technological and industrial development， experience， education and skills can increase the ability to innovate and adopt new technologies. Entrepreneurship is a vehicle that makes the benefits of innovation widely available to broad masses of people. A workforce that has been appropriately trained and is able to continue learning and to innovate boosts investors' confidence leading to job creation with its multiple ripple effects.

As we are nearing the transition from MDGs， the success of Post-2015 Development Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals （SDGs） will depend on whether or not due investments are made in young people. 1.8 billion Young people constitute a large proportion of world’s population. Close to 90% of them live in developing countries， where they make up a large proportion of the population. Only if governments truly commit themselves to investing in young people， will we have a real shot at sustainable development for all.

Some 74 million youth are unemployed， and more than 600 million jobs need to be generated globally by the year 2030. Young people aged 15 to 24 are almost three times more likely than older segments of the population to be unemployed， and in some countries the youth unemployment rate exceeds 50 per cent. Countries will need to view the right to education and jobs as a fundamental human right， being focused in the elimination of all forms of inequality including gender inequality. Only then will the youth be in a position to realise their full potential and will participate meaningfully to national prosperity starting at the family level stretching to the community and national levels.

任何一個國家，無論其科技和工業發展水平如何，有過何種經歷，教育和技能都能夠提升其創新和運用新技術的能力。創業使創新的利益普適于大眾。經過適當培訓、能夠持續學習和創新的勞動力能夠增強投資人的信心，使他們創造更多的工作，從而帶來多方面的深遠影響。

當我們臨近從千年發展目標向2015年后可持續發展目標的過度，2015年后可持續發展目標能否成功實現取決于我們對青年的投資是否足夠。18億青年成為世界人口的一個重要組成部分。他們中的90%生活在發展中國家，占據發展中國家人口的絕大部分。只有當政府真正實現向青年人投資，才有可能真正、永遠地實現可持續發展。

74，000，000青年處于失業狀態，截至2030年，全球將會新增超過600，000，000份工作。失業人口中，15到24歲的青年幾乎是更大年齡段人口比例的三倍。在一些國家，青年人群失業率超過50個百分點。國家應把教育和工作的權利作為一項基本人權，關注消除各種形式的不平等，包括性別不平等。只有這樣，青年們才能在崗位上全面發揮潛能，從家庭延伸至社會和國家層面，為國家繁榮貢獻積極力量。

In short， engagement of the youth in development activities and their inclusion in the socio economic aspects of wealth generation will contribute to the prosperity of societies. Young people are connected to each other like never before； they are driving social progress， inspiring political change and building resilience. It has， however， been documented that many young people are prevented from achieving their true potential， because they lack access to quality education， health care， decent work and gainful opportunities to participate in society. They live in areas affected by crises， and hence are prevented from harnessing their true potential and worth. What young people also need are role models who can inspire and energize to help them unlock their potential.

Investments in youth would not only translate into better lives for young people themselves， but also offer the opportunity to reap the benefits in terms of the contributions which in turn can lead to nation building， thereby ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come. UN-Habitat Youth Innovation and Entrepreneurship Award is recognition of the central role of young women and men shaping the present and future.

簡而言之，青年在社會經濟中制造財富的發展活動和包容的參與會為社會繁榮貢獻力量。青年之間的聯系空前緊密，他們正在驅動社會的進步，啟發政治改革并建立彈性機制。然而，許多青年并沒有完全發揮真正潛能，因為他們缺少參與社會活動的通道，例如接受高質量教育，享受健康醫療，擁有體面的工作或有回報的機遇。他們居住在受危機侵擾的地區，因此無法充分利用他們的潛能和價值。青年還需要榜樣來鼓舞和激勵他們釋放潛能。

對青年的投資并不能單一的解讀為為他們自身創造更好的生活，還包含提供給他們從國家建設成果中能夠獲取受益的機遇，從而進一步為子孫后代提供可持續發展的未來。聯合國人居署青年創新創業獎是用來表彰青年男女們在塑造現在和未來時所發揮的核心作用。

From invention to innovation

從發明到創新

Just like transforming a lump of clay into a pot requires skill， artistry， material， vision and an idea， transforming invention into innovation requires several parts. Demographic structure and timing combined with a business model that can replace or enhance the use of an existing technology are elements that can promote innovation. Young people are often both innovators and consumers of inventions. It has been ad nauseam pointed out that most of the innovations in the information technology sector including the social media are created by young people and adopted and consumed by them. In order to nurture and promote the innovative nature of young people， a country will have provide an enabling environment， an environment that is responsive to the ideas and actions of young people and provide them with the capacity to innovate.

Some of these new technologies and inventions are also “disruptive” in the sense that new ways of doing things disrupt or overturn the traditional business methods and practices. E mails for example replaced the need for traditional post/letter delivery.

就像把一塊粘土變成一只罐子需要技巧、藝術、材料、視覺和理念，將發明轉化為創新也需要幾個部分。與可替換或促進現有科技用途的商業模式相結合的動態結構和契機是推動創新的要素。青年往往兼有創新者和消費者的角色。我們曾不厭其煩地強調，包括社交媒體在內的大多數信息科技領域創新，都是由青年創造并接受和消費的。為培養和促進青年的創新性，國家必須提供有利環境，來響應青年的創新思維和行動，為他們提供創新能力。

一些新科技和發明也具有意義上的“顛覆性”，新方式會瓦解或顛覆傳統商業模式和實踐。例如電子郵件代替傳統信件投遞的需求。

The diversification of rural and urban employment and income is an increasingly important fact of life in the developing world； the agricultural path out of income poverty is relevant for only a portion of the rural poor. Hence the need for rural-urban linkages in innovation to promote employment and entrepreneurship.

In rural areas， technological innovation can make direct contributions to farm household welfare， but the effects vary according to the level of integration of agricultural markets to urban areas.

Technological innovation can also have indirect benefits for the poor through effects on food prices， employment and backward and forward linkages with other parts of the economy.

農村和城市就業和收入的多元化越來越成為發展中國家生活的重要因素；農業走出收入貧困的道路只與農村貧困比例相關，因此，在創新中要利用城鄉結合的需要來促進就業和創業。

在農村地區，科技創新可以直接帶給農民收益，但收益大小取決于農產品市場與城市地區的一體化水平。

通過影響食品價格，就業與其他地區的經濟聯系，科技創新也可以為窮人帶來間接利益。

Innovation for development

以創新求發展

It has often been explained that there are four4 processes to technological advances in an economy： discovery， invention， innovation， and diffusion. Discovery involves the elucidation of the fundamental processes of nature through observations of nature， reasoning， and experimentation. For example， Sir Isaacs Newton discovered the law of gravity by expanding upon the works of Galileo， Kepler， Halley， Huygens， Hooke， and others. It should also be noted that as science was beginning to grow in the cultures of Western civilization， it was likewise taking root or already taken root elsewhere in the world. Ancient and medieval China， India， and America in particular have been centers of the scientific world.

The difference between innovation and invention is that invention involves the creation of new things from new ideas while innovation is the introduction of new concepts to improve that which already exists.

Innovation plays an important role in addressing many of the developmental challenges such as providing access to drinking water， eradicating neglected diseases or addressing the needs of the hungry.

人們常說，在經濟科技中的進步有四個階段4：發現、發明、創新、擴散。發現涉及的基本自然過程包括對自然界的觀察，推理和實驗。例如，艾薩克·牛頓爵士在伽利略、開普勒、哈雷、惠更斯、胡克和其他研究者工作的基礎上發現了萬有引力定律。還應當指出，科學開始在西方文明的文化發展之初，它同樣是始于扎根或已扎根在世界其他地方。古代和中世紀的中國，印度，特別是美國，就已成為了科學世界的中心。

創新和發明的區別在于，發明涉及到來自新想法的新事物創造，而創新是利用新概念來改進已有事物。

創新在處理很多發展所面臨的挑戰問題上發揮著重要作用，例如在飲用水、消除被忽略的疾病、饑餓等問題上提供解決渠道。

Technological progress occurs not at the point of invention – the discovery of new knowledge – but at the point of innovation – when an increase in productivity arises from the market/society -proven application of new technology.

Despite protective measures such as patents and trade markets， economic success of innovation depends on production and distribution of products and services across national borders. Hence the transfer and， when necessary， adaptation of technologies developed in one country can often contribute significantly to these goals in another. Effective international co-operation that involves both public and private bodies is an important mechanism for finding these much needed solutions.

Building and enhancing innovation capacities have contributed to the growth and welfare of developing countries. Many developing countries have also recognized that innovation is not just about high-technology products.

科技進步不是體現在發明的時刻，即發現新知識，而是發生在創新的時刻，市場或社會生產率的提高就證明了新技術的應用。

盡管有保護措施，如專利和貿易市場，創新經濟的成功仍取決于跨國界的產品和服務的生產和分配。因此，必要時可以采用科技轉移。在一個國家建立的科技運用往往可以大大有助于在另一國家實現這些目標。有效的國際合作，包括公共和私營機構，都是發現這些急需解決方案的重要機制。

建立和提高創新能力有助于發展中國家的經濟增長和福利。許多發展中國家也認識到，創新不僅僅指高科技產品。

Many countries have also learnt that innovation needs to be targeted to local needs in order to address challenges specific to the local context （e.g. Tropical diseases， combating Ebola）.

Ultimately， successful development strategy must always be combined with appropriate governance mechanisms to promote economic growth.

許多國家也認識到，創新需要有針對性的結合當地需求，以應對當地情況和挑戰（如熱帶疾病，抗擊埃博拉）。

最終，成功的發展戰略必須結合適當的治理機制來促進經濟增長。

Innovation and entrepreneurship

創新與創業

The acquired capacity to develop， organize and manage a business along with any of the many risks is fundamental to profit making. Prudent and wise management of any enterprise is a prerequisite for the success of the business.

Entrepreneurship helps with the diffusion of innovations. Diffusion is the spread of innovation to other firms so that they can remain competitive. This diffusion occurs by either emulating or copying others' products or processes， which can be achieved in many ways such as the use of the World Wide Web and internet.

有能力在眾多風險中的創建、組織和運行商業，這些都是盈利的基礎。謹慎和明智的管理是任何企業成功的先決條件。

創業有助于創新的擴散。擴散是指創新擴散到其他公司，使他們能夠保持競爭力。這種擴散發生在模仿或復制他人的產品或過程中，它可以通過許多方式得以實現，例如萬維網和因特網的使用。

1http：//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_innovation

2Majority of the governing members of the origination must be of 15-32 years of age. 獲得者多數應在15到32歲之間。

3http：//unhabitat.org/media-centre/news/

4http：//thismatter.com/economics/technological-advances.htm