處所被字句處所角色的識別方式：優勢和局限性

〇丁加勇

(湖南師范大學　文學院，湖南　長沙　410081)

處所被字句處所角色的識別方式：優勢和局限性

〇丁加勇

(湖南師范大學文學院，湖南長沙410081)

摘要：漢語被字句的主語可以由處所角色充當，構成處所被字句。被字句處所角色可以是“N·方”形式，可以是處所詞形式，也可以是普通名詞形式。被字句主語位置上處所角色的識別，通常涉及到方所標記和動詞的格關系兩種方式。利用方所標記識別處所角色，可以很直觀地判斷被字句處所角色的處所身份和事物的具體方位。利用動詞的格關系識別處所角色，是基于動詞配價的做法，可以弄清被字句中的處所角色到底是哪一種處所角色類型(場所、源點、終點)以及處所角色的典型性。這兩種方法有它的優勢，同時也存在局限性。基于構式語法的句式配價，強調被字句的句式義對處所角色的影響，強調用被字句句式特征理解處所角色，可以看出被字句處所角色已經成了句式論元角色即受影響者論元角色，這種做法可以彌補動詞配價的不足。分析表明，把動詞配價和句式配價結合起來分析，深入研究動詞和句式的互動，才能更全面、更準確地理解被字句主語位置上的處所角色。

關鍵詞：處所被字句； 處所角色； 優勢； 局限性； 動詞配價； 句式配價

Recognition Methods of Locative Roles in the

Locative Bei Sentences: Advantages and Limitations

DING Jia-yong

(College of Literature, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China)

Abstract：The subject of Bei sentences in Chinese can be a locative role, which helps to constitute locative Bei sentences. Locative roles in Bei sentences can be positional phrases or locative words. The recognition of locative roles in the subject position of Bei sentences usually involve locative markers and case relations of verbs, in which the former can identify the locative status of the locative roles and the concrete positions of the objects, while the latter are based on verb valance and can identify the types and typicality of locative roles. Both of the two ways have advantages and limitations. Sentence pattern valence based on construction grammar can compensate for the limitations of verb valance by stressing on the influence of the sentence pattern meaning and the characteristics of sentence pattern. This study shows that the combination of the verb valence and sentence pattern valence in studying the interaction between verbs and sentence patterns in depth can help to comprehend the location role in the subject position of Bei sentences more comprehensively and accurately.

Key words：locative Bei sentences; locative role; advantages; limitations; verb valance; sentence pattern valence

一、引言

處所角色充當被字句主語的句子就是處所被字句。漢語被字句的主語可以由處所角色充當，這個現象許多學者已經注意到，如呂叔湘(1980)、李臨定(1986)、宋玉柱(1990)、呂文華(1990)、李珊(1994)、程琪龍(1995)、潘海華(1997)、范曉(1998)、張斌(2001)等。……