美國(guó)環(huán)保協(xié)會(huì)的國(guó)際實(shí)踐

美國(guó)環(huán)保協(xié)會(huì)的國(guó)際實(shí)踐

EDF'S INTERNATIONAL WORK

美國(guó)環(huán)保協(xié)會(huì)一直以來(lái)堅(jiān)持綜合運(yùn)用科學(xué)、法律和經(jīng)濟(jì)的手段來(lái)解決最緊迫的環(huán)境問題。我們所開展過的

主要工作包括：DDT、酸雨、企業(yè)合作-綠化供應(yīng)鏈、清潔能源、氣候變化。

在此基礎(chǔ)上，我們總結(jié)了一些可供分享的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。實(shí)際上，我們的副總裁杜丹德博士早在1991年就被中國(guó)國(guó)家環(huán)境保護(hù)總局邀請(qǐng)到中國(guó)，分享我們?cè)诿绹?guó)幫助制訂的酸雨控制項(xiàng)目的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。該項(xiàng)目是我們第一個(gè)基于市場(chǎng)機(jī)制的環(huán)境解決方案，也是我們的標(biāo)志性成果之一。二氧化硫從電廠排放出來(lái)以后，經(jīng)過一系列的變化過程，最終會(huì)形成酸雨，對(duì)森林和湖泊造成破壞。上世紀(jì)80年代，美國(guó)環(huán)保協(xié)會(huì)成功說服布什總統(tǒng)采用市場(chǎng)機(jī)制來(lái)控制二氧化硫排放，并允許電廠自由選擇實(shí)現(xiàn)減排目標(biāo)的手段。最終，美國(guó)的二氧化硫排放成功減半，并且成本僅為預(yù)計(jì)的四分之一，減排速度也遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出人們的預(yù)期。與以往自上而下的行政手段相比，這種市場(chǎng)手段同時(shí)也為企業(yè)每年節(jié)省了大約10億美元的成本。《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》雜志將該項(xiàng)目評(píng)為“過去十年中最偉大的綠色成功故事”。

來(lái)自中國(guó)國(guó)家環(huán)境保護(hù)總局的邀請(qǐng)使我們決定在中國(guó)開展工作，并分享我們?cè)诙趸蛑卫矸矫娴慕?jīng)驗(yàn)。中國(guó)曾在第九個(gè)5年計(jì)劃中規(guī)定了二氧化硫的排放上限，所以我們認(rèn)為美國(guó)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)或許能夠?qū)χ袊?guó)有所幫助。事實(shí)也確實(shí)如此，當(dāng)時(shí)我們和國(guó)家環(huán)境保護(hù)總局一起實(shí)施了一個(gè)名為“4+3+1”的項(xiàng)目，在4個(gè)城市、3個(gè)省份和1家企業(yè)之間嘗試二氧化硫排污權(quán)交易。不過當(dāng)時(shí)那個(gè)項(xiàng)目的真正意義，或許是促成了今天正在中國(guó)7個(gè)試點(diǎn)省市進(jìn)行的碳交易試點(diǎn)。

EDF has become known for our work combining science, law, and economics to solve the most pressing environmental prob-lems. Some of the large scale problems we have worked on: DDT, Acid Rain, Corporations - Greening the Supply Chain, Clean Energy, Climate Change.

Along the way, I believe that we have developed some experience to share. In fact, our Vice President Dr. Dan Dudek was first invited to China in 1991 by the State Environmental Protection Administration to share our experience in helping to create the acid rain program in the US. This was the first of our market-based solutions, a focus which is one of the hallmarks of EDF's work. Sulfur dioxide, also known as SO2, from power plants was traveling long distances to cause acid rain, devastating lakes and forests. EDF convinced the first President Bush to adopt a market-based plan to control SO2emissions which allowed power plant owners to use any methods they wanted to achieve that result. As a result, sulfur emissions were halved, going down much faster than predicted and at one-fourth of the projected cost. The plan also saved companies roughly $1 billion a year, compared to earlier, top-down regulations. Looking back 10 years later, The Economist magazine described the program as “The greatest green success story of the past decade……”

That invitation led to EDF's decision to work in China and share our experience on SO2. China had originally capped SO2emissions in the 9th Five Year Plan and we thought that our experience in the US could be helpful to China. It did, in fact, lead to an innovative program known as “4+3+1” which tested out SO2emissions trading in four cities, 3 provinces, and one company. But the real product of that experimentation is the seven carbon trading pilots that are currently running throughout the country.