姜嵐 李爭寧
摘要:指出了前手性酮和硅氫試劑的硅氫化反應(yīng)是一種重要的合成手性醇化合物的方法。綜述了在過渡金屬-手性N-雜環(huán)卡賓配合物催化劑的催化下的硅氫化反應(yīng),這類催化劑的配體N-雜環(huán)卡賓配體結(jié)構(gòu)多變,給電子能力強(qiáng),方法具有操作簡便,反應(yīng)條件溫和的特點(diǎn)。
關(guān)鍵詞:前手性酮;硅氫化反應(yīng);過渡金屬-N-雜環(huán)卡賓;催化反應(yīng)
1引言
硅氫化反應(yīng)是硅氫化合物與不飽和鍵包括碳氧雙鍵,碳氮雙鍵,碳碳雙鍵以及碳碳叁鍵等,在催化劑的誘導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行加成反應(yīng),生成有機(jī)硅化合物。產(chǎn)物水解后,可生成醇、胺等化合物。利用手性催化劑催化前手性酮的硅氫化反應(yīng),是一類重要的合成手性醇的方法,反應(yīng)通式如圖1。其中手性醇是合成許多手性藥物或手性化合物的重要有機(jī)中間體。如抗抑郁藥物R-托莫西汀、S-氟西汀,抗哮喘藥物R-沙丁胺醇、L-氯丙那林等。與催化加氫合成手性醇反應(yīng)相比,硅氫化反應(yīng)條件溫和,無需高壓條件,而且硅氫化合物化學(xué)性質(zhì)相對比較穩(wěn)定,易于使用和貯存。因此,從20世紀(jì)的60、70年代至今,一直受到研究者的關(guān)注。研究者對硅氫化反應(yīng)高效、高選擇性的催化劑的合成與研究,至今方興未艾。
20世紀(jì)80年代,Brunner[1]研究小組首先報(bào)道合成了手性噻唑啉類配體1,其催化的硅氫化反應(yīng)ee值首次達(dá)到了90%以上,對不同酮底物有很強(qiáng)的適應(yīng)性。由此,結(jié)構(gòu)不同的手性配體尤其是一些雙齒膦配體等被不斷被設(shè)計(jì)、合成出來,表現(xiàn)出很強(qiáng)的催化活性和立體選擇性。如圖2中化合物1-4為典型的硅氫化反應(yīng)雙齒配體。近年來,N-雜環(huán)卡賓(NHC)配體作為一種新型仿膦配體應(yīng)用到多種均相催化反應(yīng)中。NHC配體具有更高的穩(wěn)定性和更好的給電子能力。結(jié)構(gòu)多變,電子效應(yīng)和空間效應(yīng)易調(diào)控。目前已有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)多種金屬如Rh[2,3,4],Ru[5],Ir[6],Cu[7,8],Pt[9],Ni[10],Ag[11]等均可參與催化硅氫化反應(yīng),其中金屬Rh應(yīng)用最廣泛。許多手性NHC-金屬催化劑的底物范圍適應(yīng)性廣泛,能高效催化芳香酮和脂肪酮以及雜環(huán)芳香酮的硅氫化反應(yīng),日益成為一類不可替代的手性催化劑。鑒于硅氫化反應(yīng)合成手性醇反應(yīng)的重要性,本文將根據(jù)NHC的結(jié)構(gòu)分類綜述此類反應(yīng)在近幾年的應(yīng)用。
2金屬-單齒NHC催化的硅氫化反應(yīng)
1996年,Herrmann[12]小組合成了具有C2對稱性的Rh配合物5,首次報(bào)道了Rh-手性NHC催化的不對稱硅氫化反應(yīng),反應(yīng)式如圖3。該反應(yīng)具有高度的催化性能,但是產(chǎn)物的立體選擇性不高,ee值最高為32%。作者認(rèn)為原因可能是因?yàn)榕潴w咪唑環(huán)的手性側(cè)鏈會(huì)繞著C-N鍵快速的旋轉(zhuǎn),造成配位金屬周圍的手性環(huán)境難以固定。最近,該小組采用位阻更大的Rh-配合物6,在-20℃下催化丙酮酸丙酯的硅氫化反應(yīng),轉(zhuǎn)化率最高達(dá)98%,ee值最高可達(dá)74%[13]。
3金屬-雙齒NHC催化的硅氫化反應(yīng)
在雙齒NHC配體的結(jié)構(gòu)中,除了NHC與金屬配位以外,一般還具有O、N等其他含有孤對電子的原子與金屬配位,這一類金屬配合物在催化反應(yīng)時(shí),一般能得到更高的立體選擇性的結(jié)果。
Gade等人[2]合成的氮雜環(huán)聯(lián)有噁唑啉取代基的咪唑鹽10合成其Rh配合物11,該催化劑催化芳基甲基酮的硅氫化反應(yīng)得到了產(chǎn)率90%~99%,光學(xué)純度91%的結(jié)果,反應(yīng)式如圖7。對于烷基酮底物,對映體選擇性達(dá)到79%~95%。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),從20℃降低溫度至-60℃,可將ee值由65%提高至90%,但是反應(yīng)時(shí)間延長。
2014年7月綠色科技第7期圖7Rh-NHC化合物11催化的酮硅氫化反應(yīng)
上海有機(jī)所施敏的研究小組一直致力于研究NHC在均相催化方面的應(yīng)用。2003年,該小組從(S)-BINAM出發(fā),合成了具有軸手性聯(lián)萘骨架的苯并咪唑型NHC-銠的金屬配合物12,用以催化前手性酮與還原劑Ph2SiH2的硅氫化反應(yīng)。反應(yīng)有較好的收率(82~96%)和令人滿意的對映體選擇性(67%~98% ee),反應(yīng)式如圖8[19]。將該催化劑和具有軸手性的H8-聯(lián)萘骨架化合物13催化芳基β-酮酸酯的硅氫化反應(yīng),反應(yīng)可以選擇性還原底物中的酮羰基,而酯羰基的不發(fā)生硅氫化反應(yīng)[20]。產(chǎn)物的收率和光學(xué)活性均很高。與該類催化劑結(jié)構(gòu)相似的聯(lián)苯型Rh配合物14也被應(yīng)用于催化此類反應(yīng),室溫下反應(yīng)48h,收到了良好的催化效果,3-氯苯乙酮硅氫化反應(yīng)的手性醇產(chǎn)物ee值達(dá)到了98%[21]。
4結(jié)語
眾多的研究結(jié)果表明,NHC-金屬配合物催化前手性酮的不對稱硅氫化反應(yīng)是一種越來越重要的合成手性醇類化合物的方法。隨著研究的深入,將會(huì)有更多結(jié)構(gòu)更加新穎的高效催化劑被合成出來。從文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道內(nèi)容中可大致歸納今后主要研究方向,包括:①由貴金屬Rh催化的硅氫化反應(yīng)逐漸變?yōu)镃u、Ni、Fe等非貴金屬催化;②雙齒或多齒的NHC配體能夠與金屬形成更穩(wěn)定的金屬配合物,如許多與NHC配體聯(lián)接噁唑啉等手性誘導(dǎo)單元都取得了相當(dāng)不錯(cuò)的結(jié)果,因此,開發(fā)新型的雙齒或多齒配體是今后的研究工作的重要內(nèi)容;③催化劑的回收和再利用問題。
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[21] Liu L,Wang F,Shi M.Synthesis of chiral bis(N-heterocyclic carbene)palladium and rhodium complexes with 1,10-biphenyl scaffold and their application in asymmetric catalysis [J].Organometallics,2009(28):4416~4420.
[22] Yuan Y,Raabe G,Bolm C.Novel rhodium complexes with ferrocene-based N-heterocylic carbenes:synthesis,structure and catalysis [J].J.Organomet.Chem,2005(690):5747~5752.
[23] Faller J W,F(xiàn)ontaine P P.Stereodynamics and asymmetric hydrosilylation with chiral rhodium complexes containing a monodentate N-heterocyclic carbene [J].Organometallics,2006(25):5887~5893.
[24] Chianese A R,Crabtree R H.Axially chiral bidentate N-heterocyclic carbene ligands derived from BINAM:rhodium and iridium complexes in asymmetric ketone hydrosilylation [J].Organometallics,2005(24):4432~4436.endprint
[17] Albright A,Gawley R E.Application of a C2-symmetric copper carbenoid in the enantioselective hydrosilylation of dialkyl and aryl-alkyl ketones [J].J.Am.Chem.Soc,2011(133):19680~19683.
[18] Kawabata S,Tokura H,Chiyojima H,et al.Asymmetric hydrosilane reduction of ketones catalyzed by aniridium complex bearing a hydroxyamide-functionalized NHC ligand.Adv.Synth.Catal,2012(354):807~812.
[19] Duan W L,Shi M,Rong G B.Synthesis of novel axially chiral Rh-NHC complexes derived from BINAM and application in the enantioselective hydrosilylation of methyl ketones [J].Chem.Commun,2003(8):2916~2917.
[20] Xu Q,Gu X,Liu S,et al.The use of chiral BINAM NHC-Rh(Ⅲ)complexes in enantioselective hydrosilylation of 3-oxo-3-arylpropionic acid methyl or ethyl esters [J].J.Org.Chem,2007(72):2240~2242.
[21] Liu L,Wang F,Shi M.Synthesis of chiral bis(N-heterocyclic carbene)palladium and rhodium complexes with 1,10-biphenyl scaffold and their application in asymmetric catalysis [J].Organometallics,2009(28):4416~4420.
[22] Yuan Y,Raabe G,Bolm C.Novel rhodium complexes with ferrocene-based N-heterocylic carbenes:synthesis,structure and catalysis [J].J.Organomet.Chem,2005(690):5747~5752.
[23] Faller J W,F(xiàn)ontaine P P.Stereodynamics and asymmetric hydrosilylation with chiral rhodium complexes containing a monodentate N-heterocyclic carbene [J].Organometallics,2006(25):5887~5893.
[24] Chianese A R,Crabtree R H.Axially chiral bidentate N-heterocyclic carbene ligands derived from BINAM:rhodium and iridium complexes in asymmetric ketone hydrosilylation [J].Organometallics,2005(24):4432~4436.endprint