翁成蔭等
【摘要】 目的:研究含安維汀的聯合化療方案在晚期難治性實體瘤中的療效及安全性。方法:2011年10月-2012年9月,53例晚期實體腫瘤患者接受安維汀聯合化療方案治療。安維汀用法為7.5 mg/kg靜滴,d1;依據腫瘤類型和既往治療史選擇化療方案。所有方案均以3周為一周期。結果:53例晚期實體腫瘤患者隨訪1~12個月,在50例可評價病例中,PR23例、SD18例、PD9例,有效率為46.0%,疾病控制率為82.0%;中位無疾病進展時間(PFS)為5.4個月(95%CI:3.704~6.913個月),中位生存時間(OS)為10.9個月(95%CI:9.255~14.830個月)。常見毒副反應為:骨髓抑制、疲勞或乏力、腹瀉和腹痛、高血壓等,3~4級毒副反應以中性粒細胞減少16.0%(8/50),腹瀉12.0%(6/50),疲乏10.0%(5/50),高血壓8.0%(4/50)為主。嚴重不良反應累積發生率為20.0%(10/50),最常見的為肺炎和腹痛,室上性心動過速分別均為4.0%(2/50)。脫水、腹瀉、粒缺性發熱、敗血癥為2.0%(1/50)。結論:貝伐單抗聯合不同化療方案治療既往多次化療的難治性晚期實體腫瘤安全有效。
【關鍵詞】 貝伐珠單抗; 難治性實體腫瘤; 化療; 抗血管生成
The Clinical Observation of Bevacizumab Combined with Chemotherapy for Refractory Advanced Solid Tumors/LI Bao-xiu,CAO Xiao-fei,WENG Cheng-yin,et al.//Medical Innovation of China,2014,11(12):031-034
【Abstract】 Objective:To determine the safety and efficacy of bevacizumab in combination with different chemotherapy regimens for second-line and second-line above treatment of refractory advanced solid tumors. Method:From October 2011 to september 2012, fifty three patients were enrolled. The dose of bevacizumab was 7.5 mg/kg ,iv drip,d1. The chemotherapy regimens were chosen depending on the type of tumor and the past medical history. All the plans with 3 weeks for a cycle. Result: 53 patients with advanced solid tumors were followed up for 1 - 12 months, 50 cases could be evaluated: PR were 23 cases, SD were 18 cases, PD were 9 cases, the effective rate was 46.0%, the disease control rates was 82.0%; PFS was 5.4 months (95% CI: 3.704 - 6.913 months), OS was 10.9 months (95% CI: 9.255 - 14.830 months).The common adverse reaction were: the bone marrow suppression, fatigue, diarrhea and abdominal pain, hypertension, etc.; 3 - 4 adverse reaction were: neutropenia 16.0% (8/50), diarrhea 12.0% (6/50), fatigue 10.0% (5/50), hypertension, 8.0% (4/50).The cumulative incidence of serious adverse events was 20.0% (10/50), the most common for pneumonia and abdominal pain, SVT were 4.0% (2/50) respectively; dehydration, diarrhea, lack of sexual fever, sepsis were 2.0% (1/50) respectively. Conclusion: Bevacizumab in combination with different chemotherapy regimen in treatment for late refractory solid tumors is safe and effective.
【Key words】 Bevacizumab; Refractory advanced solid tumors; Chemotherapy; Anti-angiogenesis
First-authors address: The First Peoples Hospital Affiliated Guangzhou Medical University,Guangzhou 510180,China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2014.12.011
貝伐珠單抗(bevacizumab,安維汀?)是一種新型血管生成抑制劑,通過與血管內皮生長因子(VEGF)特異性結合,阻止其與受體相互作用,發揮對腫瘤血管的多種作用從而持續抑制腫瘤細胞的生長和轉移[1]。安維汀已經于2004年及2005年分別在美國及歐盟批準用于晚期結直腸癌治療,國外隨后進行了多種晚期實體瘤的臨床試驗均取得了較好的效果[2]。在我國,安維汀聯合以5-氟尿嘧啶為基礎的化療于2010年2月才批準用于轉移性結直腸癌患者的治療[3]。安維汀聯合化療治療其他類型實體瘤的研究鮮見報道。本文研究安維汀聯合化療治療難治性實體瘤的療效和安全性。
自2010年2月安維汀獲得中國國家食品藥品監督管理局批準在中國上市以來,本科2011年10月-2012年9月,應用安維汀聯合化療治療晚期惡性腫瘤53例,效果較好,現總結報告如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料 2011年10月-2012年9月,53例晚期難治性實體腫瘤患者在本院腫瘤科接受安維汀聯合化療方案治療。其中48例至少接受過1個化療方案或者分子靶向治療。53例均為經病理學或細胞學確診的晚期實體瘤,有完整隨訪資料;經CT、MRI或者PET/CT等影像證實的,且均有客觀可測量病灶;血象、心肝腎等臟器功能正常,預計生存期>3個月。體力狀況ECOG PS(performance status,PS)評分: PS:0~1分。其中男38例,女15例,年齡19~73歲,中位年齡53歲;ECOG PS評分0~1分的50例,2分及以上的3例;53例患者中,非鱗非小細胞肺癌9例,黑色素瘤2例,結直腸癌17例,宮頸癌2例,乳腺癌5例,胃癌1例,膠質母細胞瘤3例,軟組織肉瘤4例,輸尿管癌2例,卵巢癌5例,腎透明細胞癌3例。既往接受化療方案1種的28例,2種或者以上的20例,其余5例為初治的廣泛轉移患者。
1.2 治療方法 安維汀用法為7.5 mg/kg靜滴加入100 mL生理鹽水緩慢靜脈滴注,d1;并心電監測,每3周重復。首次靜脈輸注時間持續90 min。如果第1次輸注耐受性良好,則第2次輸注的時間縮短到60 min。依據腫瘤類型和既往治療史選擇化療方案。所有方案均以3周為一周期?;熓褂玫姆桨赴ǎ簥W沙利鉑/伊立替康+5-氟尿嘧啶/希羅達、雷替曲塞+奧沙利鉑/伊立替康、紫杉類藥物+蒽環藥物,紫杉醇+卡鉑、吉西他濱+順鉑、諾維本+順鉑、氮烯咪胺+順鉑等,3周重復。所有患者均簽署知情同意書。治療1周期后評價毒性,2周期后評價療效。持續安維汀的治療直至疾病進展或出現不可耐受的毒副反應為止。
1.3 療效和毒副反應評價 療效評價采用實體瘤療效評價標準(response evaluation criteria in solid tumors,RECIST),分為完全緩解(complete response,CR)、部分緩解(partial response,PR)、穩定(stable disease,SD)和進展(progressive disease,PD),CR+PR為有效(ORR),以CR+PR+SD計算疾病控制率(DCR)。記錄無進展生存PFS(Progression-free survival及總生存OS(Overall survival,總生存期)。按照國際癌癥中心(National Cancer Center, NCI)制定的抗腫瘤藥物常見毒性分級標準分析不良反應。
1.4 隨訪 所有病例隨訪方式包括復習病歷:住院部或門診記錄、電話隨訪及信訪,隨訪1年以上,患者死亡日期為截止日期。隨訪中斷的作為刪失。
1.5 統計學處理 采用SPSS 12.0軟件對所得數據進行統計分析,計量資料用(x±s)表示,比較采用t檢驗,計數資料采用 字2檢驗,以P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。生存分析采用Kaplan-Meier法,并用log-rank法對結果進行顯著性檢驗。雙側P<0.05認為差異有統計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 近期療效 入組患者有3例隨訪中斷,50例可評價療效。在53例患者中,48例接受2線及以上治療。在50例可評價病例中,PR 23例、SD 18例、PD 9例,ORR為46.0%,DCR為82.0%。獲得PR的患者分別為:結直腸癌9例、非小細胞肺癌4例、乳腺癌3例、卵巢癌3例;宮頸癌、軟組織肉瘤、腎癌和膠質母細胞瘤各1例,療效持續時間為2~4個月。既往接受過1個及以上化療方案的患者48例,其中PR 20例、SD 23例、PD 5例,ORR41.7%,DCR為89.6%。
2.2 遠期療效 隨訪至2013年10月,隨訪時間為2~25個月,中位隨訪時間為14個月。有5例患者未達終點,17例患者出現疾病進展,死亡35例,PFS為5.4個月(95%CI: 3.704~6.913個月),OS為10.9個月,(95%CI: 9.255~14.830個月),見圖1、圖2。
2.3 不良反應 50例患者共接受146程安維汀聯合化療方案治療,根據NCI制定的抗腫瘤藥物常見毒性分級標準,安維汀聯合化療的常見不良反應包括骨髓抑制、疲勞或乏力、腹瀉和腹痛、高血壓。98.0%不良反應與安維汀及化療藥物相關。最常見的3~4級不良反應為中性粒細胞減少16.0%(8/50),腹瀉12.0%(6/50),疲乏10.0%(5/50),高血壓8.0%(4/50);高血壓發生的中位時間為31 d,降壓治療后血壓均可控制。嚴重不良反應累積發生率為20.0%(10/50),最常見的為肺炎和腹痛,室上性心動過速分別均為4.0%(2/50)。脫水,腹瀉,粒缺性發熱,敗血癥為2.0%(1/50);蛋白尿少見,最嚴重的藥物不良反應如胃腸道穿孔,出血,肺出血/咯血,動脈血栓栓塞未見到。生活質量(QOL)改善者有23例(46.0%),QOL穩定者20例(40.0%),僅7例(14.0%)QOL下降。
3 討論
貝伐珠單抗(Bevacizumab,Avastin)是世界上首個批準上市的血管內皮生長因子(vascular endothelial cell growth factor, VEGF)的抑制劑,是一種重組的人源化單克隆抗體,他的主要作用機制是以VEGF為靶點,與腫瘤細胞的內源性的VEGF結合并阻止內源性的VEGF與內皮細胞表面的受體Flt-1和KDR結合,抑制內皮細胞的有絲分裂,減少新生血管的形成從而減少腫瘤血供、氧供和其他營養物質的供給。由于腫瘤細胞內的VEGF表達量遠遠高于正常細胞VEGF表達量,所以貝伐單抗能夠有效的選擇性抑制腫瘤內血管的生成,從而抑制腫瘤的生長[1]。貝伐單抗(安維?。┳鳛橐环N新的分子靶向治療藥物,對于絕大部分晚期各種難治性實體瘤癌的療效和安全性已逐漸被人們所認識,如結直腸癌,肺癌,卵巢、輸卵管、腹膜癌、宮頸癌,胰腺癌,胃食管癌,尿路上皮癌,膠質母細胞瘤,腎癌等腫瘤[6-10]。安維汀聯合放化療在這些實體瘤一、二線治療及維持治療中均顯示了較強的抗瘤活性。
在我國,安維汀聯合化療治療實體瘤的臨床研究僅限于轉移性結直腸癌[3]。本文總結的50例晚期實體腫瘤患者中,包含了大部分實體瘤,其中45例接受2個療程以上治療。在50例可評價病例中,ORR為46.0%,DCR為82.0%。并且在48例二線或二線以上治療患者中,有效率都可達41.7%,并取得了較高的疾病控制率(89.6%),上述結果提示安維汀聯合化療在難治性實體瘤中充分顯示了抗瘤活性。朱春榮等[12]報道42例晚期結直腸癌患者,安維汀聯合FOLFOX或者FOLFIRI方案有效率45.2%,疾病控制率64.3%。本組病例有效率更高,生存時間更長,可能與本組病例肺癌、乳腺癌、婦科腫瘤較多、PS較好導致化療敏感性較高有關。而且他們沒有進行生存方面的登記,且樣本量偏小,臨床參考價值有限。筆者進行了長達25個月的隨訪,雖然是單臂臨床觀察,可為臨床提供有意義的參考。本組50例各種實體瘤接受安維汀聯合不同化療方案治療,絕大部分為二線及二線以上治療取得了較高的疾病控制率和有效率和較滿意的生存時間:PFS為5.4個月(95%CI: 3.704~6.913個月),OS為10.9個月(95%CI:9.255~14.830個月),非常接近Giantonio等[4]報道的FOLFOX4+BEV二線治療mCRC的療效:FOLFOX4+BEV組ORR為22.7%,PFS為7.3個月,OS為12.9個月。因此安維汀聯合化療可以延長腫瘤患者的生存期。同時同期比較Raez等[6]的Ⅱ期臨床研究:安維汀聯合多西他賽+奧沙利鉑一線治療晚期不可切除非鱗癌非小細胞肺癌:ORR為30.2%,PFS為5.6個月,OS 14.0個月及Balar等[11]進行的Ⅱ期臨床試驗:GC(吉西他濱+卡鉑)聯合安維汀治療晚期不可切除的尿路上皮癌,GC(吉西他濱+卡鉑)+安維汀組:ORR為49%、PFS為6.5個月、OS為13.9個月;本組難治性實體瘤病例有效率、無進展生存時間、總生存均十分接近一線治療的晚期肺癌和晚期尿路上皮癌。該組病例獲得了較高的疾病控制率和較長的無進展生存率和總生存率,考慮可能原因有:安維汀增強除抗血管生成,也通過抗體依賴介導的細胞毒作用及補體依賴的細胞毒作用抗腫瘤并逆轉腫瘤細胞的耐藥性,提高化療藥物的敏感性。
本研究觀察到安維汀聯合化療時常見毒性反應為:骨髓抑制、疲勞或乏力、腹瀉和腹痛、高血壓。98.0%不良反應與安維汀及化療藥物相關。蛋白尿少見,最嚴重的藥物不良反應如胃腸道穿孔,出血,肺出血/咯血,動脈血栓栓塞未見到。本組病例毒副反應低于Guan等[3]在中國人群中進行的晚期結直腸癌一線治療安維汀+mIFL。3~4級毒副反應腹瀉12.0%和粒細胞減少16.0%與Raez等[6]基本一致。Raez等[6]報道安維汀聯合多西他賽+奧沙利鉑一線治療晚期不可切除非鱗癌非小細胞肺癌≥3級不良反應為粒細胞減少(15.4%),腹瀉(13.5%),疲乏(11.5%)。嚴重不良反應32.7%,其中最常見的為肺炎(7.7%)腹痛(5.8%)。本組病例心血管毒性主要表現為心律失常和心肌缺血和高血壓,患者可出現頭昏頭痛、心悸、胸悶、心前區疼痛等不適,停藥或使用注射用磷酸肌酸鈉、二磷酸果糖等心臟藥物保護藥物后可恢復。本研究3~4級中性粒細胞減少達8例,占16.0%(8/50),可能與患者既往曾接受多線化療,或全身情況較差有關,也可能與抗血管生成效應有關。本組患者的心血管毒性如高血壓、室上性心動過速比例較高,可能與病例數較少、既往蒽環、紫杉等化療藥物多次化療有關??傮w而言,本組患者的毒性反應大多表現為低水平分級,多數患者可以耐受,或者經過臨床處理,而并不需要中斷安維汀治療。因此安維汀聯合化療是安全的。來自國外的安維汀安全性資料顯示,最常見的嚴重不良事件是胃腸道穿孔、創傷愈合綜合征、出血和動脈栓塞,發生率約為2%及以下[13]。本組未觀察到嚴重致死事件。
綜上所述,安維汀聯合不同化療方案治療既往多次化療的難治性晚期實體腫瘤安全有效。
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(收稿日期:2014-02-12) (本文編輯:黃新珍)
[5] Van Cutsem E,Rivera F,Berry S,et al. Safety and efficacy of first line bevacizumab with FOLFOX,XELOX,FOLFIRI and fluoropyrimidines in metastatic colorectal cancer: the BEAT study [J]. Ann Oncol,2009,20(11): 1842-1847.
[6] Raez L E, Santos E S, Webb R T, et al. A multicenter phaseⅢ study of docetaxel, oxaliplatin, and bevacizumab in first-line therapy for unresectable locally advanced or metastatic non-squamous cell histology non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)[J]. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 2013, 72(5): 1103-1110.
[7] Burger R A, Brady M F, Rhee J, et al. Independent radiologic review of the gynecologic oncology group study 0218, a phaseⅢ trial of bevacizumab in the primary treatment of advanced epithelial ovarian, primary peritoneal, or fallopian tube cancer[J]. Gynecol Oncol, 2013, 131(1): 21-26.
[8] Schefter T, Winter K, Kwon J S,et al. RTOG 0417: Efficacy of bevacizumab in combination with definitive radiation therapy and cisplatin chemotherapy in untreated patients with locally advanced cervical carcinoma[J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2014, 88(1):101-105.
[9] Sohal D P, Metz J M, Sun W, et al. Toxicity study of gemcitabine, oxaliplatin, and bevacizumab, followed by 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, bevacizumab, and radiotherapy, in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer[J]. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 2013, 71(6): 1485-1491.
[10] Uronis H E, Bendell J C, Altomare I, et al. A phaseⅡ study of capecitabine, oxaliplatin, and bevacizumab in the treatment of metastatic esophagogastric adenocarcinomas[J]. Oncologist, 2013, 18(3): 271-272.
[11] Balar A V, Apolo A B, Ostrovnaya I, et al. PhaseⅡ study ofgemcitabine, carboplatin, and bevacizumab in patients with advanced unresectable or metastatic urothelial cancer[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2013, 31(6): 724-730.
[12]朱春榮,熊峰,朱彥博,等.貝伐單抗聯合FOLFOX4或FOLFIRI方案治療晚期結直腸癌的臨床觀察[J].江蘇醫藥,2012,38(19):2306-2307.
[13] Gressett S M, Shah S R. Intricacies of bevacizumab-induced toxicities and their management[J]. Ann Pharmacother, 2009, 43(3): 490-501.
(收稿日期:2014-02-12) (本文編輯:黃新珍)
[5] Van Cutsem E,Rivera F,Berry S,et al. Safety and efficacy of first line bevacizumab with FOLFOX,XELOX,FOLFIRI and fluoropyrimidines in metastatic colorectal cancer: the BEAT study [J]. Ann Oncol,2009,20(11): 1842-1847.
[6] Raez L E, Santos E S, Webb R T, et al. A multicenter phaseⅢ study of docetaxel, oxaliplatin, and bevacizumab in first-line therapy for unresectable locally advanced or metastatic non-squamous cell histology non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)[J]. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 2013, 72(5): 1103-1110.
[7] Burger R A, Brady M F, Rhee J, et al. Independent radiologic review of the gynecologic oncology group study 0218, a phaseⅢ trial of bevacizumab in the primary treatment of advanced epithelial ovarian, primary peritoneal, or fallopian tube cancer[J]. Gynecol Oncol, 2013, 131(1): 21-26.
[8] Schefter T, Winter K, Kwon J S,et al. RTOG 0417: Efficacy of bevacizumab in combination with definitive radiation therapy and cisplatin chemotherapy in untreated patients with locally advanced cervical carcinoma[J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2014, 88(1):101-105.
[9] Sohal D P, Metz J M, Sun W, et al. Toxicity study of gemcitabine, oxaliplatin, and bevacizumab, followed by 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, bevacizumab, and radiotherapy, in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer[J]. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 2013, 71(6): 1485-1491.
[10] Uronis H E, Bendell J C, Altomare I, et al. A phaseⅡ study of capecitabine, oxaliplatin, and bevacizumab in the treatment of metastatic esophagogastric adenocarcinomas[J]. Oncologist, 2013, 18(3): 271-272.
[11] Balar A V, Apolo A B, Ostrovnaya I, et al. PhaseⅡ study ofgemcitabine, carboplatin, and bevacizumab in patients with advanced unresectable or metastatic urothelial cancer[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2013, 31(6): 724-730.
[12]朱春榮,熊峰,朱彥博,等.貝伐單抗聯合FOLFOX4或FOLFIRI方案治療晚期結直腸癌的臨床觀察[J].江蘇醫藥,2012,38(19):2306-2307.
[13] Gressett S M, Shah S R. Intricacies of bevacizumab-induced toxicities and their management[J]. Ann Pharmacother, 2009, 43(3): 490-501.
(收稿日期:2014-02-12) (本文編輯:黃新珍)