Smog 霧霾
Meaning: Smog is a type of air pollutant[污染物質(zhì)]. The word “smog” was made in the early 20th century as a portmanteau[混合詞] of the words smoke and fog to refer to smoky fog.
倫敦有“霧都”一稱,原因是工業(yè)革命之后,倫敦的工業(yè)普遍使用煤作為燃料,不完全燃燒的煤產(chǎn)生大量的碳煙(carbon black)和煤煙(soot),為霧氣的產(chǎn)生創(chuàng)造了條件。而這些懸浮在空氣中的微塵本身也嚴(yán)重降低了空氣的能見度,所以人們創(chuàng)造smog一詞來形容這種天氣狀況。
Smog是smoke和fog的混合詞,是指煙霧籠罩、空氣中污染物濃度高的天氣狀況,也稱為smoky fog。1952年,倫敦曾發(fā)生導(dǎo)致一萬多人死亡的“倫敦?zé)熿F事件(London Smog Disasters)”,這是史上最嚴(yán)重的由大氣污染引發(fā)的公共事件。近年來,我國不少大中城市時(shí)常出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的霧霾天氣,這影響了人們的日常生活和身體健康。
Smog is a serious problem in many cities and countries, as it’s harmful to human health.
霧霾天氣在許多城市和國家是傷害人們身體健康的嚴(yán)重問題。
PM2.5 可入肺顆粒物
Meaning: Particulate Matter or PM, is the term for particles[顆粒] found in the air, including dust, dirt, soot, smoke, and liquid droplets[霧滴]. PM2.5 particles are air pollutants with a diameter[直徑] of 2.5 micrometers[微米] or less, small enough to invade even the smallest airways.
PM的全稱是Particulate Matter,是指微粒物、懸浮微粒。PM2.5指“可入肺顆粒物”,就是指大氣中直徑小于或等于2.5微米的顆粒物,可直接進(jìn)入人體的肺泡,它的直徑還不到人頭發(fā)絲粗細(xì)的1/20。PM2.5主要來自機(jī)動(dòng)車尾氣塵、燃油塵、硫酸鹽、餐飲油煙塵、建筑水泥塵、煤煙塵和硝酸鹽等。
PM2.5能較長時(shí)間懸浮于空氣中,其在空氣中含量濃度越高,就代表空氣污染越嚴(yán)重。雖然PM2.5只是地球大氣成分中含量很少的組分,但它對(duì)空氣質(zhì)量和能見度等有重要的影響。與較粗的大氣顆粒物相比,PM2.5粒徑小,面積大,活性強(qiáng),易附帶有毒、有害物質(zhì)(如重金屬、微生物等),且在大氣中的停留時(shí)間長、輸送距離遠(yuǎn),因而對(duì)人體健康和大氣環(huán)境質(zhì)量的影響更大。如今,使用PM2.5標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行空氣質(zhì)量檢測(cè)正在成為全球趨勢(shì)。
Longtime exposure to particulate matter, especially particulate matter smaller than 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5) which can go directly to the alveoli of the lungs, is a major health hazard.
(專家稱,)長時(shí)間呼吸空氣中的顆粒物,特別是直徑小于2.5微米的可入肺顆粒物(PM2.5)對(duì)人體健康危害很大。
Anti-dust mask 防塵口罩
Meaning: An anti-dust mask is a flexible pad held over the nose and mouth by elastic[橡皮筋] or rubber straps to protect against dusts encountered during construction or cleaning activities.
嚴(yán)重的霧霾天氣使人們對(duì)空氣質(zhì)量、PM2.5指數(shù)警覺,并將注意力轉(zhuǎn)移到防塵口罩上。一時(shí)間,防塵口罩持續(xù)熱銷,不少商家甚至出現(xiàn)了脫銷情況。Anti-dust mask是指人們用來遮擋空氣中的污染顆粒物的口罩。專家表示,目前人們多數(shù)使用醫(yī)用口罩來作為防塵口罩使用,但醫(yī)用口罩主要針對(duì)PM3以上的可吸入顆粒物,對(duì)于PM2.5以下的可吸入顆粒物的遮擋作用不大。
An online vendor at Tmall.com, said they usually receive 100 to 200 orders a day for anti-dust masks .
天貓商城的一位店主說,他們每天能收到100至200個(gè)防塵口罩的訂單。
Airpocalypse 空氣末日
Meaning: Extreme air pollution caused by a combination of smog, dust, and weather. Crippling pollution in Beijing and other parts of China gave rise to this term. This is a grave environmental concern, as opposed to other less serious uses of the -pocalypse libfix.
2013年1月以來,我國多省連續(xù)出現(xiàn)霧霾天氣,空氣多處于嚴(yán)重污染狀態(tài)。不少網(wǎng)友戲稱,世界末日沒來,“空氣末日”卻來了。這里的airpocalypse就是“空氣末日”,也可譯為“末日空氣”,由表示“世界末日”的apocalypse一詞演化而來,意思是空氣污染很嚴(yán)重,感覺世界末日就要來臨。
A prolonged[長時(shí)間的] bout[侵襲] of heavy pollution over the last month, which returned with a vengeance[報(bào)復(fù)] for a day last week—called the“airpocalypse” by internet users—has fundamentally[根本地] changed the way that Chinese people think about their country’s toxic air.
上個(gè)月持續(xù)相當(dāng)長一段時(shí)間的嚴(yán)重污染天氣在上周又報(bào)復(fù)性回歸,網(wǎng)友將其戲稱為“空氣末日”。這種污染天氣從根本上改變了中國人對(duì)國內(nèi)各城市毒空氣的看法。