淺談With復合結構的邏輯意義

王培梅

摘要：“with +復合結構”是英語中比較常用的一種結構，它的句法功能、內部結構以及這種結構的幾種變化形式歷來備受關注。這種結構常用作狀語，表示伴隨情況、時間、原因、方式、條件、讓步等，也可放在名詞后作定語。

關鍵詞：with復合結構邏輯意義

“with +復合結構”雖然是一種附著成份，不能單獨成句，但它又不僅僅起簡單的修飾作用。它和它所修飾的部分之間存在一定的邏輯關系。通常“with +復合結構”的邏輯主語是它所修飾的句中的名詞或代詞、該名詞或代詞的行為或行為對象，在結構上相當于一個“句中句”或其他形式的短語。

1、相當于主句

“with +復合結構”作狀語表示伴隨情況時，表示句子主語的行為狀態，句子重心在該復合結構中其邏輯意義相當于一個主句，而原主句部分起狀語作用。這種現象可以稱為“邏輯語法錯位”。如：

The teacher came in， with the students following him.

其邏輯意義是：The students followed the teacher when he came in.

2、相當于從句

“with +復合結構”作狀語（表示時間、原因、條件、讓步等）及定語時，在邏輯意義上相當于一個從句。如：

But already， with more than thirty-five years of life left to him， Edison had played a major part in many of the inventions. （S3B2： 93）

其邏輯意義是：But already， though there were still more than thirty-five years of life left to him， Edison had played a major part in many of the inventions.

3、相當于并列句

“with +復合結構”內部本身含有邏輯主謂關系，還可在邏輯意義上相當于一個并列分句。如：

He ran into the room with his face covered with sweat.

其邏輯意義是：He ran into the room and his face was covered with sweat.

4、相當于分詞短語

許多“with +復合結構”可相當于分詞短語作定語或狀語。如：

①Cartoons are made up of thousands of drawings， with a different drawing to show each movement. （S2B1： 42）

其邏輯意義是：Cartoons are made up of thousands of drawings having a different drawing to show each movement.

②At the word “go”， the skier， dressed in a tight racing parka and with goggles to protect his eyes， races downhill from the starting gate. （S3B1： 118）

其邏輯意義是；At the word “go”， the skier， dressed in a tight racing parka and wearing goggles to protect his eyes， races downhill from the starting gate.

5、相當于介詞短語

有些“with +復合結構”可相當于介詞短語。如：

With his parents to help him， he is likely to succeed.

其邏輯意義是：With the help of his parents， he is likely to succeed.

6、相當于獨立主格結構

有些“with +復合結構”若省略with即稱為獨立主格結構。如：

Then， （with） her eyes still bright with tears， she ran out of the door and down the stairs to the street. （S3B2： 64）

7、表示邏輯主謂賓關系

當with sth. to do 結構中動詞與名詞之間為邏輯動賓關系時，其邏輯意義為“邏輯主語+have to do sth. ”。如：

She couldnt go to play with her homework to do.

其邏輯意義是：She couldnt go to play because she had to do her homework.

8、表示邏輯主謂賓補關系

當“with+n. +動詞過去分詞”在句中作定語或狀語說明人的行為狀態時，其邏輯意義相當于“邏輯主語+have sth. Done”結構。如：

When she got home， with her small but well-chosen present concealed in her handbag， her parents were already at table having dinner. （S2B1： 96）

其邏輯意義是：When she got home and she had her small but well-chosen present concealed in her handbag， her parents were already at table having dinner.

9、作邏輯主語

使動性較強的with復合結構在邏輯意義上相當于一個動作行為作主語。如：

With winter approaching， its getting colder and colder day by day.

其邏輯意義是：The approaching winter makes it get colder and colder day by day.

10、with復合結構中賓語的邏輯修飾語或限定詞

With復合結構中賓語的邏輯修飾語或限定詞通常是它所修飾或說明的邏輯主語（通常為句中的主語或賓語）。如：

①She looked up at me with tears streaming down her cheeks.

Tears 的邏輯限定詞為her（she）。

②In the dinning-hall there is a table with one leg shorten than the other three.

one leg的邏輯限定詞為a table，相當于“one leg of the table is……”。

參考文獻：

[1]戴煒棟.高級中學課本——英語（1-6冊）.上海外語教育出版社，1997.

[2]陸谷孫.英漢大詞典.上海譯文出版社，1993.