歧視頑疾為何難除

Since racial discrimination runs against the justice and equality recognized by human beings， why it exists for a long time and is hard to remove and becomes the virus that blocks the social development.

那么，既然種族歧視與人類所公認的正義、平等皆背道而馳，為何卻長期存在于世并難以消除，還成為了阻礙社會發展的病毒？

The gap of race comes f

rom a long way

種族鴻溝由來已久

“No matter the racial discrimination in America nowadays or the apartheid in South Africa’s history are both connected to the historical development of the country，” some experts said.

It is known that， the racial discrimination history in America is age old. Zhong Xueping， professor of Tufts University once said， there are two lines of bold words carved on a square pillar at the subway station not far from the university. One line writes： 13500BC Glacier formed “esker” hills and the other line writes： 1620 Pilgrims landed at Plymouth. Zhong asked that “From BC13500 to BC1620， there is no other groups lived in this place？ Why erase all their existence？” It shows that， since the first group of Negro slaves was traded to Virginia colony in 1619， the racial problem came. On the basis of skin color discrimination， the earliest British pioneers in North America established black slavery.

“無論是眼前美國存在的種族歧視，還是南非歷史上的種族隔離制度，都與本國的歷史發展脈絡息息相關”，有專家如是表示。

眾所周知，美國種族歧視歷史由來已久。美國塔夫茨大學教授鐘雪萍就曾這樣描述，在離她所在學校不遠的地鐵站里的一個方形柱子上，刻有兩行醒目的字。第一行寫著：13500BC Glacier formed“esker”hills（公元前13500，冰川形成“蛇形丘”地貌）；第二行寫著：1620 Pilgrims landed at Plymouth（1620年，英國清教徒抵達普利茅斯）。鐘雪萍反問“在公元前13500年到公元1620年之間，難道此地不曾居住過其他人群？為什么把他們曾經的存在抹得一干二凈？”由此可見，從1619年隨著第一批黑奴被販賣到北美弗吉尼亞殖民地，種族問題隨之而來。在對膚色歧視的基礎上，英國在北美最早的拓荒者建立起了黑人奴隸制。

What’s more， some even provided “theoretical evidence”. British biologist Darwin said in his the Origin of Human Beings and the Selection of Sex that， “black people is a group between white people and gorillas and for them， and government has not to take any rescue measures. Since according to the survival of the fittest， they are not suitable for survival， which is the law of natural evolution.”

In 1849， French anatomist Paul Broca put forward a theory of “digital”， he concluded from his studies that， “Englanders have the biggest brain volume of 96 cubic inch. Americans and Germans have 90 cubic inch. Blacks’ brain volume is only 83 cubic inch.”

此外，更有甚者為此提供了“理論依據”，英國生物學家達爾文在《人類的起源及性的選擇》中寫道，“黑人是介于白人與大猩猩之間的種群，對于像黑人這樣的群體，政府不應該采取任何救助措施，因為根據優勝劣汰法則，他們是不適合生存的種族，這是自然進化的規律。”

1849年，法國解剖學家保羅·白洛嘉則進一步提出“數字化”的理論，他研究得出結論，“英格蘭人的腦容量最大，平均為96立方英寸。美國人和日耳曼人，則都有90立方英寸。黑人腦容量，只有83立方英寸。”

Alien culture brings integration difficulties

異族文化涌入帶來融合困境

Except for historical reasons， some experts said， “Though the abolishment of slavery and apartheid eliminated the difference between blacks and whites legally， black people is still a special group in culture and social psychology.” When reviewing the present， since the reform of American Immigration Law in 1965， many immigrants came here and made this country a giant “smelter”.

The coming problems， for the perspective of famous scholar Huntington’s warning “who we are”， “the culture conflict is inevitable.”

除去歷史的原因，也有專家表示，“雖然蓄奴制和種族隔離制度的廢除，從法律上消除了美國黑人與白人之間的差別，但是在文化上，在社會心理上，美國黑人仍然是一類特殊的人群。”回顧當下，隨著1965年美國移民法改革后，大量移民進入美國，該國成為了一個巨大的“熔爐”。

隨之而來的問題，用著名學者亨廷頓提出的“我們是誰”的警告來看，“文化沖突在所難免。”

Ji Hong， director of social cultural chamber of American Institutes for Research of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences used statistics showing that， “there are over 40 million external populations in America covering 13% of the total one. If according to this conjecture， in 2043， the proportion of white people will be lower than 50%. Racial problem will expand from the historical black and white one to minor groups and whites or even among minor groups.”

The same situation also appeared in the racial discrimination issue of “Chinese exclusion movement” once happened in some coastal countries of South-East Asia. For this， contemporary nationalism scholar Wang Xiaodong said with an example， “If there are 100 people living in an isolated island and only 60 people can have food. Then for living， it will have conflicts and groups will be formed during them. So what is the boundary of groups？ Blood relationship， language， skin color and emotion. If there is no big difference in the above aspects， then it will be divided according to left-hander and right-hander.”

中國社會科學院美國研究所社會文化室主任姬虹則用數據表示，“當前，美國外來人口已經超過4，000萬，占總人口的近13%。若按此推測，2043年前后，美國白人人口比例將低于50%。種族問題也進而將從歷史上的黑白問題，擴大到少數族裔與白人，甚至少數族裔之間。”

同樣的情形，也出現在東南亞沿海一些國家曾經爆發的“排華運動”種族歧視問題上。對此，當代民族主義學者王小東舉例表示，“假設有100個人生活在一個與世隔絕的孤島上，而孤島只能提供60個人的食物。這時，為了生存，就會產生沖突，在沖突中會劃分出集團。劃分集團的界限是什么？血緣關系、語言、膚色、感情……如果這100個人在上述方面都無明顯差異界限，則集團也可沿著左撇子、右撇子的界限劃分。”

Governments’ lack of action enhances conflicts

政府行動不力加深摩擦

UN said clearly in Eliminate All Forms of Racial Discrimination Declaration that， afraid to the still existing racial discrimination in some parts of the world， it is partially resulted from some governments carrying out “apartheid” or separation by legislative， administrative and other measures， or the spread of superior race and expansionism.

It shows that， no matter the case of Hurricane Katrina attacked Gulf of Mexico or the event of African-American youths were shot dead by white policemen， the disappointing reaction of American government indirectly made the racial relationship more intense.

聯合國在消除一切形式種族歧視宣言中明確表示，怵于世界若干地區內顯然仍有種族歧視的現象，此等現象有一部分系若干政府借立法、行政或其他措施，以“種族隔離”，分隔及分離等形式而造成，或借在若干地區內鼓吹及傳布種族優越及擴張主義的學說而造成。

由此可見，無論是在2005年卡特里娜颶風襲擊美國南部墨西哥灣沿岸事件，還是今年對于非裔青年被白人警察擊斃事件，美國政府所表現出令民眾失望的反應，都間接使得種族關系更趨緊張。

Take Hurricane Katrina as an example， African-American got the huge casualties and property losses and the not timely rescue of Bush administration indirectly caused sharpening contradiction. Some African-American leaders even said， “The suffering of African-Americans after the disaster is just like that on slave ship.”

The Obama government of high hopes has always avoided and lightened racial problems. Even Obama showed sympathy to the dead African-American， their optimistic attitude for racial relationship has dropped 12% since 2009.

以卡特里娜颶風為例，當時造成的巨大人員傷亡和財產損失首當其沖的是非裔美國人，小布什政府救援的不及時間接造成了矛盾激化，甚至有非裔領袖表示，“災后非裔美國人的遭遇如同當年在販奴船上”。

而對于被寄予厚望的奧巴馬政府，始終對種族問題采取回避和淡化態度。即使奧巴馬對被槍殺的非裔表現出了同情，但非裔對種族關系持有的樂觀態度比例從2009年到現在直線下降了12個百分點。