破壞背后隱藏“沉默大多數(shù)”

Although the above person surnamed Ding have been condemned by public opinion after exposure of the news， similar incidents still occur at times. We can not help but ask with indignation： why there're some people who are often unable to control their \"itchy hands\"？ What are those who witnessed the scandal doing before news exposure？ And how should we protect these precious cultural heritage in a practical and effective manner？

雖然上文提到的“丁某某”之輩，在新聞曝光后都受到了來(lái)自輿論的譴責(zé)，但后續(xù)類似事件仍時(shí)有發(fā)生。讓人憤慨的同時(shí)，我們不禁想問(wèn)，為何屢屢會(huì)有人控制不住自己“發(fā)癢的手”？在新聞曝光前，那些目睹丑行的其他公眾又在做什么？又該怎樣切實(shí)有效保護(hù)這些珍貴的文化遺產(chǎn)？

A pity of reality

現(xiàn)實(shí)的遺憾

\"The destruction of heritage in China goes through two stages.\" \"He Sanwei， Senior Commentator from Southern People Weekly sharply pointed out， with 60 years as a limit， the first 30 years is the first phase when ideology is a killer of relics. \"With no economic benefit， people used to be starved so badly that they hit temples， statues， tombs， houses and other old items and tried not to miss out on any stuff they saw.\" The destruction of cultural heritage is fatal at that period.

While the later three decades is the second phase. \"The time of period gives top priority to economic development， therefore， all cultural heritage and culture have to make way for economy. People pull no punch in their demolishing thousands of years of historical sites. However， one day during their demolition， they suddenly realize that relics can contribute to tourism which can make money.\" He said regretfully that， \"At present， the remaining relics are suffering from challenges of 'protection' and tourism. \"

In this regard， Shan Jixiang， Director of the National Palace Museum which is the only one in the world receiving as many as ten million tourists， admits that limited security forces， unsustainable force and intensity of governance， as well as unbridled rising numbers of visitors are severely affecting the preservation of cultural heritage， and this is a thing National Palace Museum is not able to completely cope with on its own.

“在中國(guó)，對(duì)文物的破壞經(jīng)歷了兩個(gè)階段。”《南方人物周刊》資深評(píng)論員何三畏一針見(jiàn)血指出。他表示，以六十年為限，前三十年為第一階段。其中，意識(shí)形態(tài)成為文物的殺手。“沒(méi)有任何經(jīng)濟(jì)利益，人們?cè)?jīng)餓著肚子，見(jiàn)舊東西就砸，寺廟，神像，古墓，舊房等等，能不放過(guò)就不放過(guò)。”那段歷史對(duì)文化遺產(chǎn)的破壞是致命的。

后三十年為第二個(gè)階段。“后三十年是以發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)為硬道理，所有的文物和文化都得給經(jīng)濟(jì)讓路，拆毀千百年的歷史遺跡，絕不手軟。但拆到某一天，突然發(fā)現(xiàn)文物可以幫助旅游，旅游可以賺錢。”他遺憾地指出，“當(dāng)前，最后的文物正在經(jīng)受著‘保護(hù)’和旅游的挑戰(zhàn)。”

對(duì)此，作為世界上唯一一座接待觀眾量超一千萬(wàn)的博物館，故宮博物院院長(zhǎng)單霽翔更坦承，由于治安力量有限，治理力量和力度難以持續(xù)，無(wú)限制攀升的游客數(shù)量，嚴(yán)重影響文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)，而且故宮博物院通過(guò)自身努力無(wú)法徹底解決。

Japan is no exception. The protection of cultural heritage also compromises because of actual situations. Initially， local residents hesitated and were conflicting as to apply to list Mount Fuji among the world heritage. Yet a previous public survey showed that 56.6% of respondents were for including Mount Fuji among the World Heritage List， which is not as high as expected. Some experts made clear the adverse effects： \"The pursuit of economic interests will inevitably lead to expanding tourists in scenic spots， while unsound supporting management will result in accelerated destruction of cultural heritage in the context of a surge in the crowd\". In fact， after being included in the World Heritage List， people visiting Mount Fuji have substantially outnumbered， which does have brought considerable pressure on local ecological environment.

無(wú)獨(dú)有偶，在日本，文化遺產(chǎn)的保護(hù)也因著現(xiàn)實(shí)的情況出現(xiàn)了妥協(xié)。最初，當(dāng)?shù)孛癖妼?duì)富士山申遺的態(tài)度猶豫并矛盾。此前的民眾調(diào)查顯示56.6%的受訪者支持富士山被列入世界遺產(chǎn)名錄，該比例并沒(méi)有想象中高。“對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)利益的追逐必然會(huì)引發(fā)景區(qū)游客量的膨脹，而配套管理的不完善在激增的人群面前，又會(huì)帶來(lái)文化遺產(chǎn)的加速破壞”，有專家明確指出其中的不利影響。事實(shí)上，申遺成功后富士山登山人數(shù)大量增加，確實(shí)給當(dāng)?shù)厣鷳B(tài)環(huán)境帶來(lái)了不小的壓力。

Existence of the majority of the silent

沉默大多數(shù)的存在

Liang Sicheng， a Chinese architect master， who once campaigned to protect the ancient city wall of Beijing， said， \"It seems dredging a piece of my flesh to tear down a tower and a layer of my skin is to be peeled off to strip bricks of outer city.\" But ancient walls of Beijing did not gain a firm foothold in his call to pass on to our posterity.

In a survey by a reporter， speaking of the above experience of Liang Sicheng， most people expressed no more than admiration. \"What can I do？\" Ms. Yue from a state-owned enterprise in Beijing， said that compared with behaviors of the government， individuals are helpless. As for the act of graffiti and lettering on cultural heritage she witnessed， she stressed， \"I hate despicable acts， but I will not stop them， only thinking negatively of such uncivilized persons in my mind.\" When asked by the reporter why not， she replied， \"It's difficult to deal with those no-quality people； what's more， a lot of people fail to stop them either.\"

中國(guó)建筑大師梁思成曾為保護(hù)北京古城墻奔走呼號(hào)，他說(shuō)“拆掉一座城樓，像挖去我一塊肉；剝?nèi)チ送獬堑某谴u，像剝?nèi)ノ乙粚悠ぁ！钡牵本┑墓懦菈Σ](méi)有在他的呼號(hào)中站穩(wěn)腳跟，留給后世。

在記者的調(diào)查中，提及梁思成的這段經(jīng)歷，大部分人在感慨敬佩之余并沒(méi)有更多的表示。“我能做什么？”來(lái)自北京某國(guó)企的岳女士表示，在政府行為面前個(gè)體是無(wú)能為力的。而對(duì)于親眼目睹文化遺產(chǎn)上涂鴉刻字的行為，她強(qiáng)調(diào)，“我很鄙夷這種行為，但是不會(huì)上前制止，只會(huì)心里覺(jué)得這樣的人沒(méi)有素質(zhì)。”當(dāng)記者追問(wèn)為何不上前制止時(shí)，她答道：“與沒(méi)有素質(zhì)的人根本理論不清，況且好多人也沒(méi)有上前制止。”

At the same time， Mr Zhang from a foreign-funded company in Guangzhou said， \"If I see behaviors of graffiti and lettering on relics， I will shoot down with my camera and upload to micro-blog so that the doer will be criticized by more people.\" As for why not to come forward for a timely stop， Zhang shook his head and said，\" No one will do so， and I do not want to take risks. \"

As a publicity slogan of Indian relics community goes， \"public participation is the best guarantee\". It is reported that during the annual \"World Heritage Week\" held in India from November 19 to 25， the relics and archaeology community will campaign vigorously to protect relics， taking it a goal to build and strengthen public consensus on protecting cultural relics and emphasizing imperative responsibility for everyone to stop relics vandalism.

與此同時(shí)，廣州某外企的張先生則表示，“看到在文物上涂鴉刻字的行為，我會(huì)用相機(jī)拍下來(lái)上傳到微博，讓更多人譴責(zé)他。”面對(duì)記者提出“為何不及時(shí)挺身予以立即制止”的問(wèn)題，張先生搖搖頭，“沒(méi)有人這么做，我也不想冒風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。”

“人民的參與是最好的保障”，這是印度文物界對(duì)外宣傳的一句口號(hào)。據(jù)悉，在印度每年的11月19至25日的“世界遺產(chǎn)周”期間，文物考古界會(huì)大力進(jìn)行文保宣傳，以樹立和強(qiáng)化民眾保護(hù)文物的共識(shí)為目標(biāo)，強(qiáng)調(diào)制止破壞文物是每個(gè)人刻不容緩的責(zé)任。

Danger of standing by

冷眼旁觀的危害

Professor Xu Shenjian， dean of practice teaching and research division of Law school in China University of Political Science and Law， said with a quotation of Western proverb， \"'With regard to human evil， only a small part is governed by law and the rest is ruled by God'. The part here governed by God actually refers to moral restraint on humankind， which needs conscious abiding by people. \"

In accordance with the Regulations for the Implementation of the Law of the People's Republic of China on Protection of Cultural Relics， a fine in the amount of less than 200 yuan shall be imposed on graffiti on relics. As a matter of fact， some people tend to go without being held accountable for graffiti acts in scenic spots due to difficulty in tracing. Cultural heritage management authorities concerned also express that owing to numerous tourists， coupled with a large area of management and limited monitoring force， it is hard to keep an eye on everything. Allowing this， it's incumbent upon each and every tourist to supervise one another. However， the current mechanism of mutual supervision is relatively weak， as a result， protection of cultural heritage is not optimistic.

中國(guó)政法大學(xué)法學(xué)院實(shí)踐教學(xué)教研室主任許身健教表示，“西方有句諺語(yǔ)：‘關(guān)于人性惡的那部分，法律管的只是很小的一部分，其他部分，由上帝管。’這里所謂上帝管的那部分，其實(shí)是指對(duì)人的道德約束，這部分需要人們的自覺(jué)遵守。”

根據(jù)《中華人民共和國(guó)文物保護(hù)法實(shí)施條例》，在文物上亂涂亂畫，罰款數(shù)額為200元以下。實(shí)際上，有些由于無(wú)法追查，在景區(qū)亂涂亂畫者并沒(méi)有受到任何追責(zé)。相關(guān)文化遺產(chǎn)管理部門也表示，游客數(shù)量眾多，加之管理面積較大，監(jiān)控力量有限，很難面面俱到。對(duì)此，每個(gè)游客的監(jiān)督就顯得義不容辭。但當(dāng)前，相互監(jiān)督的機(jī)制較為薄弱，文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)現(xiàn)狀不容樂(lè)觀。

Long Yingtai， Taiwan celebrity and public intellectual called earlier in 1984， \"In the current social order， it's not sufficient to require ourselves free of evil things， it also requires us to stop others from doing harm and bring benefits to oneself. It's merely fulfilling a half of your responsibility not to do evil， and the other half lies in not indulging and tolerating others to undermine the social order.\"

臺(tái)灣著名文化人及公共知識(shí)分子龍應(yīng)臺(tái)1984年即大聲疾呼，“這個(gè)社會(huì)秩序不僅只要求我們自己不去做害人利己的事，還要求我們制止別人做害人利己的事。你自己不做惡事才只盡了一半的責(zé)任，另一半的責(zé)任是，你不能姑息、容忍別人來(lái)破壞這個(gè)社會(huì)秩序。”