和平文化：新的全球文明議程

It is a matter of particular pleasure for me to be invited by the Peace and Justice Initiative at Valencia College in Orlando to have a series of interactions at Valencia College on a number of issues which are integral to humanity’s eternal endeavor towards a better life on this planet for us and future generations.

The initial keynote presentation this afternoon titled “The Culture of Peace： Agenda for New Global Civilization” is a kind of curtain-raiser for the issues which would be surveyed during my three-day visit to your beautiful and lively campus. At the end， I hope I leave behind some better understanding of these key global issues as well as increased energy and greater commitment to undertake our responsibilities as global citizens.

我十分榮幸接受瓦倫西亞學院和平與正義行動組織的邀請來到奧蘭多，就一系列問題進行互動和討論，這些問題關乎人類一直以來想要實現的目標，關乎我們自身和后代在這個星球上能否更好的生存。

今天下午的演講主旨為“和平文化：新的全球文明議程”，它將為我在瓦倫西亞學院為期三天的行程中所要調研的問題拉開帷幕。在此之后，我希望各位能對這些全球性的問題有一些更好的了解，也希望你們能從中汲取更多的能量，充分擔負起身為地球公民的責任。

This September the President of the General Assembly of the United Nations Vuk Jeremic of Serbia convened the second High Level Forum on The Culture of Peace. It is under his presidency that the Assembly adopted last December by consensus its resolution 67/106 which mandated the President to convene the Forum devoted to the implementation of the UN Programme of Action on Culture of Peace on the occasion of the anniversary of the adoption of the Programme. His predecessor Ambassador Nassir Al-Nasser of Qatar took the pioneering initiative to hold the first-ever High Level Forum on The Culture of Peace in September of 2012. The international community is keen to benefit from this annual high level gathering and its perceptive deliberations with the participations of people from diverse background sharing their erudition， experience and expertise about the culture of peace becomes an integral part of humanity quest for peace， justice and human security.

This year’s forum was held at a very propitious time as the drums of war were being sounded. Yes， I am referring to the volatile situation the world was going through in September. Peace-cherishing people everywhere were holding their breath and praying intensely so that another avoidable war would not break out.

今年9月，聯合國大會主席武克·耶雷米奇（塞爾維亞）召開了第二屆和平文化高級別論壇。在他的領導下，聯合國大會于去年12月一致通過了第67/106決議， 該決議規定聯大主席應在每年依照《聯合國和平文化行動綱領》通過的日期舉辦周年論壇，以敦促該綱領的執行。武克·耶雷米奇主席的前任納西爾·阿卜杜勒阿齊茲·納賽爾大使（卡塔爾）于2012年9月率先舉辦了第一屆和平文化高級別論壇。國際社會熱切希望從這一年度高級別盛事中受益。高級別論壇旨在讓來自不同背景的參與者分享各自有關和平文化的知識、經驗和專長，這一愿景使之成為尋求和平、正義和人類安全的人性探索中重要的一部分。

今年的論壇舉辦于一個非常關鍵的時刻，戰爭的鐘聲正要敲響。是的，我指的正是九月份世界所經歷的不穩定的情形。世界各地珍惜和平的人們都屏住呼吸，祈禱這場可以避免的戰爭不要爆發。

To put this in an appropriate perspective， let me underscore that interdependency of today’s world， if not addressed with sanity， can turn into a social， economic， nuclear or environmental catastrophe. The magnitude of these problems requires all human beings to work together in finding realistic， rational， reasonable and responsible solutions.

Most disturbing is that today’s atrocities often are directed to people living in the same community or neighborhood. Hatred and intolerance have blurred the vision of the perpetrators. Great differences still exist between peoples and regions -- the world is experiencing a new era of insecurity and uncertainty. Despite all our progress， too many people live in extreme poverty and hunger， do not have access to as basic things as clean water or education and health. Unfortunately worst-hit victims of this everywhere are the women and children.

為了更好地說明這一看法，我不得不強調，當今世界是相互依存的，如果我們不以理智的方式處理各國關系，那么世界上將發生社會、經濟、核能或是環境的大災難。這些問題的嚴重性要求所有人類聯合起來，共同尋找實際的、理性的、合理的并負責任的解決辦法。

最讓人不安的是當下的暴行經常發生在居住在同一社區或鄰里的人們之間。仇恨和不容忍使行兇者的視線變得模糊。不同地區的人們之間仍然存在巨大差異——世界正在經歷一個充滿不安全和不確定的新時代。盡管我們取得了一些進步，仍有太多人生活在極度的貧困和饑餓當中，無從獲得基本的生活所需，如干凈的飲用水、教育和醫療設施。不幸的是，受打擊最嚴重的往往是婦女和兒童。

The first step towards examining the road to peace should start with an understanding of the implications of these realities. The values of non-violence， tolerance and democracy which augment the flourishing of the culture of peace will generate the mindset that is a prerequisite for the transition from force to reason， from conflict and violence to dialogue and peace.

This I have seen first hand as my work took me to the farthest corners of the world. What I have seen has outraged me but also has given me hope and encouragement that there are forces who are determined to turn our planet into a livable place for all and where human dignity has taken strong roots. Those are working hard to turn all the negative energies into positive ones so that every individual can realize her or his highest potential and live a secure and fulfilling life. I am always inspired by the human spirit and its resilience and capacity to overcome all adversity.

研究通往和平道路的第一步應該從理解這些現實背后的意義開始。非暴力、包容和民主的價值觀可以促進和平文化的傳播，進而形成從強迫向理性、從沖突和暴力向對話和和平過渡所必須的思想前提。

我的工作將我帶到世界上的每一個角落，親眼目睹了許多事情。那些使我憤怒的事情也給了我希望和鼓勵，因為我看到總有一些人們決心將我們的星球轉變成一個能夠讓所有人都有尊嚴生活的和諧空間。他們不斷努力，將負能量轉換為正能量，使每一個人都能意識到自身所蘊含的巨大潛能，使每一個人都能過上安全、如愿的生活。

From Sierra Leone to Sri Lanka， from Mongolia to Mauritius， from Paraguay to the Philippines， from Kosovo to Kazakhstan， from Bhutan to the Bahamas to Burkina Faso， I have seen time and again how people – even the humblest and the weakest – have contributed to building the culture of peace in their personal lives， in their families， in their communities and in their countries. And that ultimately is contributing to building a new and better tomorrow for humanity and to the global movement for the culture of peace.

One lesson that I have learned from this is that to prevent our history of war and conflict from repeating itself - the values of non-violence， tolerance， human rights and democratic participation will have to be germinated in every woman and man - children and adults alike. Another message comes out loud and clear that we should never forget that when women – half of world’s seven billion people - are marginalized， there is no chance for our world to get sustainable peace in the real sense.

從塞拉利昂到斯里蘭卡，從蒙古到毛里求斯，從巴拉圭到菲律賓，從科索沃到哈薩克斯坦，從不丹到巴哈馬再到布基納法索，我已經目睹了無數次人們，即使是那些最謙卑最微弱的人們，在他們各自的生活中，在他們的家庭中，在他們的社區中和在他們的國家中為構建和平文化做出貢獻。

我從中學到的最重要的一課就是我們要阻止戰爭和沖突的歷史重演——非暴力、包容、人權和民主參與的價值觀應在每個女人、男人、孩童、成人心中扎根。其傳達的另一個清晰的信息就是，婦女占世界70億人口中的半數，我們永遠不能忘記當女性被邊緣化，我們就沒有機會實現真正意義上的可持續的和平。

While women are often the first victims of armed conflicts， they must also and always be recognized for their key role in the resolution of conflicts and reduction of violence. It is my strong belief that unless women are engaged in advancing the culture of peace at equal levels at all times with men， sustainable peace would continue to elude us.

I also believe with all my conviction that when women are marginalized and their equality is not established in all spheres of human activity， neither the human right to peace is possible， nor the culture of peace is worthwhile.

女性通常是武裝沖突的首要受害者，但她們也是解決沖突和暴力的關鍵。我堅信，除非女性能參與到推動和平文化的進程中來，在與男性平等的水平上發揮作用，否則我們將無法實現和平文化。

我還堅信，如果女性被邊緣化，如果她們在所有人類活動中都不能享受平等待遇，那么人類維護和平是不可能的，和平文化的價值也是不會實現的。

As has been rightly said， without peace， development is not possible， without development， peace is not achievable， and without women， neither peace nor development can be realised.

The need for the culture of peace is evident as we reflect on how our civilization has succumbed， from time to time， to the human frailties of greed， ambition and selfishness. We have seen that violence is often committed under the veil of public mandates when in fact those are the wishes of the few in power or who have power， be they economic， political， military， or even religious.

正如我們說過的那樣，沒有和平，發展將失去可能，沒有發展，和平將不能達成，沒有女性，和平和發展都將不能實現。

我們對和平文化的需求可以充分的從過去中反映出來，我們的文明曾向人性的貪婪、野心和自私屈服。我們已經目睹了暴力經常以公眾授權的名義出現，但實際上那只體現了少數掌權人在經濟、政治、軍事或是宗教方面的利益。

As we all know， the 20th century had been the most violent in human history. With the dawn of the new millennium， with the end of the Cold War， our expectations for a peace dividend seemed realistic. But our hopes were dashed with new conflicts breaking out in different parts of the world. It is therefore important and necessary that we take a close look at our approaches toward bringing peace to this world， to our communities and to each one of us as individuals. We have to find out where and why we went wrong.

And， obviously， we have to find better ways to establish peace. We need to remember that in the hate and violence filled 20th Century， we have seen the power of non-violence in the sacrifices of Mohandas Gandhi and Martin Luther King， Jr. Forces of hatred and intolerance claimed their lives…but not their souls， not their spirits.

正如我們所知，20世紀在人類歷史上是最為暴力的。隨著新紀元的開始和冷戰的結束，我們對和平的希冀似乎可以成為現實。但是我們的希望被世界各地新爆發的沖突所打破。因此，我們應進一步研究使世界走向和平的道路，無論是對社區還是每個人來說，這都非常重要。我們要審視我們曾經所犯的錯誤并找出原因。

并且，我們顯然還需要找到構建和平的更好方式。我們應該銘記20世紀中充斥的仇恨和暴力，我們也從莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地和馬丁·路德·金的犧牲中看到了非暴力的力量。仇恨和不包容的力量奪去了他們的生命，但卻不能消滅他們的靈魂和精神。

We should not isolate peace as something separate or distant. We should know how to relate to one another without being aggressive， without being violent， without being disrespectful， without neglect， without prejudice. It is important to realize that the absence of peace takes away the opportunities that we need to better ourselves， to prepare ourselves， to empower ourselves to face the challenges of our lives， individually and collectively. Absence of peace makes our challenges， our struggles， much more difficult. Here let me express my concern that continuing and ever-expanding militarism is impoverishing and destroying both the Earth and the humankind.

As the living apostle for peace Daisaku Ikeda particularly emphasizes the positive， active pursuit of peace as opposed to the absence of war what he calls “passive peace”. His focus on the culture of peace – peace through dialogue - peace through non-violence has been very inspiring to millions. The culture of peace should be the foundation of the new global society. In today’s world， more so， it should be seen as the essence of a new humanity， a new global civilization based on inner oneness and outer diversity.

In this context， another dimension is worthy of our particular attention. Poverty and lack of opportunities deprive people of their dignity as human beings， leaving them hopeless and incapable of pursuing the kind of life they may deserve. I have seen this from close quarters as I traveled extensively in the poorest and most vulnerable countries of the world championing their cause in my last responsibility with the United Nations. Marginalization and abuse because of ethnicity， gender or religion， repression or bias， violence or intolerance are all closely linked to poverty and the concurrent lack of basic human rights. We must not forget that it is not only morally unsupportable but also practically unrealistic to achieve sustainable peace without addressing squarely the crushing problems of poverty and human insecurity.

我們不應把和平看成是單獨存在的一件事。我們應該知道和平與生活中的一切息息相關，需要驅除那些攻擊性的、暴力的、不尊重的、輕視的和偏見的行為。重要的是，我們需要認識到和平的缺失會使我們失去成為更好的人的機會，使我們失去鍛煉自己、賦權自身去面對生活中挑戰的機會。和平的缺失使我們面臨的挑戰和掙扎更為困難。我所困擾的就是，持續的、不斷擴大的軍國主義正在削弱和毀滅地球和人類。

和平的使者池田大作先生特別強調積極追求和平，反對戰爭，他講戰爭成為“消極的和平”。他對和平文化、對話實現和平和非暴力實現和平的專注激勵了千百萬人。和平文化應是新的全球社會的基礎。在當今世界，和平文化應被視為是新的人性的精髓，這是基于內部一致和外部多元的一種新的全球文明。

在此背景下，另一個現象也十分值得我們關注。貧困和機遇的缺乏剝奪了人們作為人類的尊嚴，迫使他們放棄希望、放棄追求各自想要的生活。我在世界最貧困和最落后地區的走訪使我親身感受到這個事實，為他們而奮斗成為我在聯合國最后的責任。由民族、性別、宗教、約束、偏見、暴力和不包容引起的邊緣化和虐待都與貧困和人權的缺失緊密相關。我們必須記住，如果不能公正的解決貧困和人類不安全的問題，不僅是在道德層面阻礙可持續的和平，還會使可持續的和平在現實中無法實現。

Another pre-eminent concern that should get our attention is that the concept of security has for too long been interpreted narrowly： as security of territory from external aggression and has been related to the concept of nation-states than to people. In this process， the legitimate concerns of common people and their perpetual quest for individual security in their daily lives are forgotten. End of cold war has brought to the forefront very clearly that many conflicts and their causes are within nations rather than between nations. For most people of the world， a sense of insecurity comes not so much from the traditional security concerns， but from the concerns about their survival， self-preservation and wellbeing in a day-to-day context. It is， therefore， absolutely essential that human security in a broader sense should receive priority attention of the international community. “Peace does not mean just to stop wars， but also to stop oppression， injustice and neglect”.

How can we build the culture of peace？ In 1999， the United Nations adopted the Declaration and Programme of Action on the Culture of Peace， a monumental document that transcends boundaries， cultures， societies and nations. It was an honour for me to Chair the nine-month long negotiations that led to the adoption of this historic norm-setting document that is considered as one of the most significant legacies of the United Nations that would endure generations. Through this landmark adoption， the General Assembly laid down humanity’s charter for the new approaching millennium. Identifying eight specific areas， it encourages actions at all levels – the individual， the family， the community， the nation， the region and， of course， the global level. Though the Programme of Action is an agreement among nations， governments， civil society， media and individuals are all identified in this document as key actors.

However， a lot more needs to be done if the culture of peace is to have the necessary impact. It needs to move out of the international conference rooms to national parliaments， local governments， village councils and homes.

另一個值得我們關注的突出問題是，安全的概念一直以來被狹隘的理解為：領土安全不受外來入侵，這一概念更強調國家的安全而非個人的安全。在這個過程中，普通人所真正關心的和他們一直尋求的生活中的個人安全被忽視了。冷戰清楚地表明許多沖突和起緣都來自國家內部而非國家間。對于世界上的大多數人來說，不安全感并不是來自傳統意義上的安全困擾，而來自于他們對生存、自我保護和日常生活健康幸福的擔憂。因此，廣義上的人類安全應該得到國際社會的優先關注，這必不可少。“和平并不只是意味著停止戰爭，還要停止壓迫、不公平和輕視”。

我們怎樣才能構建和平文化？1999年，聯合國通過了《和平文化宣言和行動綱領》，這是一個超越界限、文化、社會和國家的里程碑性文件。我倍感榮幸能在當時主持長達9個月的協商，并最終通過了這一歷史性的、規范性的文件。這一文件被視作是聯合國經久不衰的傳奇之一。在該文件通過之后，聯合國大會為新的世紀設定了人類的憲章。它鼓勵在八個特別領域中開展各種層面的行動——個人、家庭、社區、國家、地區，以及全球層面。盡管《行動綱領》是一個國家間的協定，但是政府、民間社會、媒體和個人在其中都被認為是重要的參與者。

然而，讓和平文化發揮其應有的作用，我們需要做的仍有很多。我們需要讓對和平文化的討論走出國際會議，走進國家議會、地方政府、村鎮議會和家庭。

To turn the culture of peace into a global， universal movement， basically all that is needed is for every one of us to be a true believer in peace and non-violence， and to practice what we profess. Whether it is at events such as this， in places of worship， in schools or in our homes， a lot can be achieved in promoting the culture of peace through individual resolve and action. Peace and non-violence should become a part of our daily existence. This is the only way we shall achieve a just and sustainable peace in the world.

UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon asserted at the inaugural High Level Forum on the Culture of Peace last year that “A key ingredient in building culture of peace is education. We are here to talk about how to create this culture of peace. I have a simple， one-word answer： education. Through education， we teach children not to hate. Through education， we raise leaders who act with wisdom and compassion. Through education， we establish a true， lasting culture of peace.” This statement reiterates what the Programme wants to convey by putting “education” as the first among its eight action areas. He went on to say The Secretary-General’s new global initiative called “Education First” is aimed at giving every child the chance to attend school， to have quality lessons and to strengthen their core values and thereby， building the culture of peace. I believe strongly that to be worthwhile， this global initiative needs to focus on building the culture of peace through education to the young of today.

為了將和平文化轉化成全球性的行動，我們需要做的最基本的就是讓每一個人都真正相信和平和非暴力，并依此行動。無論是在今天這樣的活動中、在教堂、在學校還是在家，個人的決心和行動都能大大推進和平文化的進程。和平和非暴力應該成為我們日常生活的一部分。這是我們實現世界公平和可持續和平的唯一途徑。

聯合國秘書長潘基文在去年的首屆和平文化高級別論壇中主張，“構建和平文化的一個關鍵元素是教育。我們在這里討論如何創造和平文化，我的答案非常簡單：教育。通過教育，我們教會孩子不去憎恨。通過教育，我們培養出富有智慧和激情的領袖。通過教育，我們構建真正長久的和平文化。”這一陳述重申了與《綱領》一致的內容，將“教育”列為八個領域中的第一個。他接著說道聯合國秘書長的新的全球倡議可以稱為“教育第一”，旨在給每個孩子上學的機會、接受優質教育和提高核心價值的機會，從而構建和平文化。我堅信，為實現其價值，這一全球倡議應重點關注通過教育當今的年輕人構建和平文化。

All educational institutions need to offer opportunities that prepare the students not only to live fulfilling lives but also to be responsible and productive citizens of the world. For that， educators need to introduce holistic and empowering curricula that cultivate the culture of peace in each and every young mind.

Indeed， this should be more appropriately called “education for global citizenship”. Such learning cannot be achieved without well-intentioned， sustained， and systematic peace education that leads the way to the culture of peace.

所有的教育機構不僅需要為學生提供過上充實生活的機會，還應教育他們成為負責任和有創造性的世界公民。為此，教育工作者需要引進全面且自主的課程，使和平文化扎根于每個年輕人的思想中。

實際上，該倡議更合適的名稱為“全球公民教育”。這樣的學習應該通過目標明確的、可持續的、系統性的和平教育完成，將公民導向和平文化的道路。

Let me conclude by urging all of you most earnestly that we need to encourage the young people to be themselves， to build their own character， their own personality， which is embedded with understanding， tolerance and respect for diversity and in solidarity with rest of humanity. I believe that to be very important， and we need to convey that to the young people. We should do everything to empower them in the real sense， and I feel that such empowerment is going to stay with them for life. That is the significance of the Culture of Peace. That is its essence. It is the process of changing each one of us so that each of us becomes the agent of peace. It is not something temporary like resolving a conflict in one area or between communities without transforming and empowering people to sustain peace.

Albert Einstein once said， “The world is a dangerous place to live， not because of the people who are evil， but because of the people who don’t do anything about it.”

Let us – yes， all of us， therefore， embrace the culture of peace for the good of humanity， for the sustainability of our planet and for making our world a better place to live.

最后，我誠懇地呼吁大家，我們應鼓勵年輕人在理解、包容、尊重多樣性和團結人類的基礎上做自己，打造自己的個性和人格。我相信這一點非常重要，我們要向年輕人說明。我們應盡一切努力真正賦予年輕人權利，而這樣的賦權將伴隨他們終生。這是和平文化的重要意義。這是其要義。這是改變每一個人成為和平媒介的過程。這不是暫時性的解決一個地區或兩個社區之間的沖突，而是真正的轉變和賦權，使人類實現可持續的和平。

阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦曾經說過，“世界是一個危險的地方，并不是因為人們都是惡魔，而是因為人們不曾為此做什么改變。”

因此，讓我們——是的，我們每一個人，擁抱和平文化，為了人類的生存，為了地球的可持續，為了將我們的世界變成一個更好的家園。