不同土壤管理措施下土團聚體的大小分布及其穩定性

李 婕， 楊學云， 孫本華， 張樹蘭

(西北農林科技大學，農業部西北植物營養與農業環境重點實驗室， 陜西楊凌 712100)

1 材料與方法

1.1 試驗地概況

1.2 試驗設計

1.3 樣品采集與分析

2011年冬小麥收獲后，將各小區劃分為3部分，每個處理采集3個重復。采取0—10，10—20，20—30 cm土層的原狀土。將采集的原狀土樣在室內沿自然結構輕輕掰成小土塊，過10 mm篩，自然風干，備用。

1.4 數據處理

各大小機械穩定性或水穩性團聚體的含量(%)=各大小機械穩定或水穩性團聚體質量(g)/土壤樣品總質量(g)×100，土壤團聚體穩定性以團聚體破壞率(PAD)衡量，參照陳山[16]的方法計算，公式如下：

PAD(%) =(Wd-Ww)/Wd×100

式中：Wd為機械穩定團聚體中>0.25 mm團聚體所占的比例；Ww為水穩性團聚體中>0.25 mm團聚體所占的比例。

不同土壤管理措施對團聚體的影響采用單變量方差分析，當方差分析結果顯著時，采用LSD法進行處理間平均值的多重比較，所有數據采用SPSS 16.0進行分析。

2 結果與分析

2.1 不同土壤管理措施對土團聚體分布的影響

表1 不同土壤管理措施下機械穩定團聚體的組成(%)Table 1 The composition of dry aggregates under different soil management practices

注(Note): 同列數據后不同字母表示同一層土壤不同管理模式間差異達5%顯著水平 Values followed by different letters in a column are significant among management practices in the same soil layer at the 5% level.

表2 不同土壤管理措施下水穩性團聚體的組成(%)Table 2 The composition of water stable aggregates under different soil management practices

注(Note): 同列數據后不同字母表示同一層土壤不同管理模式間差異達5%顯著水平 Values followed by different letters in a column are significant among management practices in the same soil layer at the 5% level.

2.2 長期施肥對土團聚體分布的影響

表3 長期不同施肥下不同土層土壤機械穩定團聚體的組成(%)Table 3 The composition of dry aggregates of different soil layer under different fertilizations

注(Note): 同列數據后不同字母表示同一層土壤不同處理間差異達5%顯著水平 Values followed by different letters in a column are significant among treatments in the same soil layer at the 5% level.

2.3 不同土壤管理措施團聚體破壞率差異

表5顯示，長期不同土壤管理措施對團聚體破壞率有很大的影響。在0—10 cm土層，與作物體系相比，休閑和撂荒顯著降低了團聚體破壞率，并且休閑和撂荒之間沒有顯著差異。10—20 cm土層，撂荒措施的團聚體破壞率顯著低于作物體系和休閑， 休閑與作物體系相似。20—30 cm土層，休閑、 撂荒與作物體系相比，團聚體破壞率均沒有顯著差異。

從表6可以看出，長期不同施肥對土壤團聚體破壞率有一定影響。0—10 cm土層，與CK處理相比，M1NPK顯著降低了團聚體破壞率，而其它處理團聚體破壞率沒有明顯變化。10—20 cm土層，除NPK處理較CK的團聚體破壞率顯著提高外，其它處理的團聚體破壞率也沒有顯著變化。20—30 cm土層，除NK、 NP較CK處理顯著增加團聚體破壞率外，其它處理的團聚體破壞率也沒有明顯的變化。

3 討論

3.1 不同土壤管理措施對團聚體分布的影響

不同土壤管理措施對土壤機械穩定性或水穩性團聚體分布的影響主要限于表層和亞表層(0—10，10—20 cm)(表1，表2)，這可能主要與耕作擾動以及植物根系主要集中在該區域有關。

表4 長期不同施肥下不同土層土壤水穩性團聚體的組成(%)Table 4 The composition of water stable aggregates of different soil layer under different fertilizations

注(Note): 同列數據后不同字母表示同一層土壤不同處理間差異達5%顯著水平 Values followed by different letters in a column are significant among treatments in the same soil layer at the 5% level.

表5 不同土壤管理措施下土壤團聚體破壞率(%)Table 5 The values of PAD under different soil management practices

注(Note): PAD—Percentage of soil aggregate disruption. 同列數據后不同字母表示同一層土壤不同管理模式間差異達5%顯著水平 Values followed by different letters in a column are significant among management practices in the same soil layer at the 5% level.

表6 長期不同施肥處理下土壤團聚體破壞率(%)Table 6 The values of PAD under different fertilizations

注(Note): PAD—Percentage of soil aggregate disruption. 同列數據后不同字母表示同一層土壤不同處理間差異達5%顯著水平 Values followed by different letters in a column are significant among treatments in the same soil layer at the 5% level.

3.2 長期施肥對團聚體分布的影響

4 結論

參考文獻:

[1] Pirmoradian N, Sepaskhah A R, Hajabbasi M A. Application of fractal theory to quantify soil aggregate stability as influenced by tillage treatments[J]. Biosyst. Eng., 2005, 90 (2): 227-234.

[2] Six J, Bossuyt H, Degryze S, Denef K. A history of research on the link between (micro) aggregates, soil biota, and soil organic matter dynamics[J]. Soil Till. Res., 2004, 79: 7-31.

[3] 高飛, 賈志寬, 韓清芳, 等. 有機肥不同施用量對寧南土壤團聚體粒級分布和穩定性的影響[J]. 干旱地區農業研究, 2010, 28(3): 100-106.

Gao F, Jia Z K, Han Q Fetal. Effects of different fertilizer treatments on distribution and stability of soil aggregates in the semiarid area of south Ningxia[J]. Agric.Res. Arid Areas, 2010, 28(3): 100-106.

[4] 戴玨, 胡君利, 林先貴, 等. 免耕對潮土不同粒級團聚體有機碳含量及微生物碳代謝活性的影響[J]. 土壤學報, 2010, 47(5): 923-929.

Dai J, Hu J L, Lin X Getal. Effects of non-tillage on content of organic carbon and microbial carbolic metabolism of soil aggregates in a Fluvo-aquic soil[J]. Acta Pedol. Sin., 2010, 47(5): 923-929.

[5] 劉恩科, 趙秉強, 梅旭榮, 等. 不同施肥處理對土壤水穩定性團聚體及有機碳分布的影響[J]. 生態學報, 2010, 30(4): 1035-1041.

Liu E K, Zhao B Q, Mei X Retal. Distribution of water-stable aggregates and organic carbon of arable soils affected by different fertilizer application[J]. Acta Ecol. Sin., 2010, 30(4): 1035-1041.

[6] 霍琳, 武天云, 藺海明, 等. 長期施肥對黃土高原旱地黑壚土水穩性團聚體的影響[J]. 應用生態學報, 2008, 19(3): 545-550.

Huo L, Wu T Y, Lin H Metal. Effects of long-term fertilization on water-stable aggregates in calcic kastanozem of Loess Plateau[J]. Chin. J. Appl. Ecol., 2008, 19 (3): 545- 550.

[7] 汪景寬, 冷延慧, 于樹, 等. 不同施肥處理下棕壤有機碳庫對團聚體穩定性的影響[J]. 土壤通報, 2009, 40(1): 77-80.

Wang J K, Leng Y H, Yu Setal. Effect of SOC pool on aggregate stability in brown earth under different fertilizations[J]. Chin. J. Soil Sci., 2009, 40(1): 77-80.

[8] 苗淑杰, 周連仁, 喬云發, 等. 長期施肥對黑土有機碳礦化和團聚體碳分布的影響[J]. 土壤學報, 2009, 46(6): 1068-1075.

Miao S J, Zhou L R, Qiao Y Fetal. Organic carbon mineralization and carbon distribution in aggregates as affected by long-term fertilization in black soil[J]. Acta Pedol. Sin., 2009, 46(6): 1068-1075.

[9] 周萍, 潘根興. 長期不同施肥對黃泥土水穩性團聚體顆粒態有機碳的影響[J]. 土壤通報, 2007, 38(2): 256-261.

Zhou P, Pan G X. Effect of different long-term fertilization treatments on particulate organic carbon in water-stable aggregates of a paddy soil[J]. Chin. J. Soil Sci., 2007, 38(2): 256-261.

Liu J, Wang Y Q, Wang Yetal. Evolution of physical properties in Lou soil with long-term fertilization[J]. Chin. J. Soil Sci., 2004, 35(5): 542-545.

[11] 祁迎春, 王益權, 劉軍. 關中地區土壤團聚體組成特征及穩定性研究[J]. 陜西農業科學, 2011, (5): 66-69.

Qi Y C, Wang Y Q, Liu J. The study on the composition and stability of soil aggregates in Guanzhong area[J]. Shaanxi Agric. Sci., 2011, (5): 66-69.

[12] 王勇, 姬強, 劉帥, 等. 耕作措施對土壤水穩性團聚體及有機碳分布的影響[J]. 農業環境科學學報, 2012, 31(7): 1365-1373.

Wang Y, Ji Q, Liu Setal. Effects of tillage practices on water-stable aggregation and aggregate-associated organic C in soils[J]. J. Agro-Environ. Sci., 2012, 31(7): 1365-1373.

[13] 孫漢印, 姬強, 王勇, 等. 不同秸稈還田模式下水穩性團聚體有機碳的分布及其氧化穩定性研究[J]. 農業環境科學學報, 2012, 31(2): 369-376.

Sun H Y, Ji Q, Wang Yetal. The distribution of water-stable aggregate -associated organic carbon and its oxidation stability under different straw returning modes[J]. J. Agro-Environ. Sci., 2012, 31(2): 369-376.

[14] 中國科學院南京土壤研究所. 土壤理化分析[M].上海: 上海科學技術出版社, 1978.

Nanjing Soil Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Physical and chemical analysis of soil[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press, 1978.

[15] Yoder R E. A direct method of aggregate analysis of soils and a study of the physical nature of erosion losses[J]. Agron. J., 1936, 28: 337-351.

[16] 陳山, 楊峰, 林杉, 等. 土地利用方式對紅壤團聚體穩定性的影響[J]. 水土保持學報, 2012, 26(5): 211-216.

Chen S, Yang F, Lin Setal. Impact of land use patterns on stability of soil aggregates in red soil region of south China[J]. J. Soil Water Conserv., 2012, 26(5): 211-216.

[17] Bronick C J, Lal R. Soil structure and management: a review[J]. Geoderma, 2005, 124: 3-22.

[18] Boix-Fayos C, Calvo-Cases A, Imeson A C, Soriano-Soto M D. Influence of soil properties on the aggregation of some Mediterranean soils and the use of aggregate size and stability as land degradation indicators[J]. Catena, 2001, 44(1): 47-67.

[19] Bouajila A, Gallali T. Soil organic carbon fractions and aggregate stability in carbonated and no carbonated soils in Tunisia[J]. J. Agron., 2008, 7: 127-137.

[20] Virto I, Gartzia-Bengoetxea N. Fernandez-Ugalde O. Role of organic matter and carbonates in soil aggregation estimated using laser diffractometry[J]. Pedosphere, 2011, 21(5): 566-572.

Wang L L, Zhang S L, Yang X Y. Soil carbon storage affected by long-term land use and fertilization regimes in manural loess soil[J]. Plant Nutr. Fert. Sci., 2013, 19(2): 404-412.

[22] Yang X, Ren W, Sun B, Zhang S. Effects of contrasting soil management regimes on total and labile soil organic carbon fractions in a loess soil in China[J]. Geoderma, 2012, 177-178: 49-56.

[23] Jastrow J D, Miller R M, Lussenhop J. Contributions of interacting biological mechanisms to soil aggregate stabilization in restored prairie[J]. Soil Biol. Biochem. 1998, 30: 905- 916.

[24] 楊茹萍, 郭賢仕, 呂軍峰, 等. 不同耕作和種植模式對土壤團聚體分布及穩定性的影響[J]. 水土保持學報, 2010, 24(1): 252-256.

Yang R P, Guo S X, Lü J Fetal. Distribution and stability of soil aggregate as affected by different patterns of tillage and cropping[J]. J. Soil Water Conserv., 2010, 24(1): 252-256.

[25] 冷延慧, 汪景寬, 李雙異. 長期施肥對黑土團聚體分布和碳儲量變化的影響[J]. 生態學雜志, 2008, 27(12): 2171-2177.

Leng Y H, Wang J K, Li S Y. Effects of long-term fertilization on aggregates size distribution and carbon stock in black soil[J]. Chin. J. Ecol., 2008, 27(12): 2171-2177.

Ge W J, Chang Y L, Liu J Metal. Potassium balance and pool as influenced by long-term fertilization under continuous winter wheat-summer maize cropping system in a manural loess soil[J]. Plant Nutr. Fert. Sci., 2012, 18(3): 629-636.

Li Z J, Li P R, Shi Y G, Zhang S L. Effects of long-term fertilization mangement regimes on availability of soil micronutrients element[J]. Plant Nutr. Fert. Sci., 2010, 16(6): 1456-1463.