外事知識(shí)：國(guó)體、國(guó)教、國(guó)葬

2014-02-16 07:18:26諶華僑

重慶與世界 2014年3期

□ 文/諶華僑

重慶與柬埔寨的關(guān)系現(xiàn)狀

中國(guó)與柬埔寨自1958年建交以來(lái)，經(jīng)歷了數(shù)次歷史考驗(yàn)，建立了深厚的友誼。自上世紀(jì)90年代以來(lái)，雙方關(guān)系進(jìn)入了新的歷史發(fā)展時(shí)期。2006年4月，溫家寶總理訪柬，雙方共同宣布中柬建立“全面合作伙伴關(guān)系”。重慶作為中國(guó)西部的重要城市，成為柬方推進(jìn)中柬關(guān)系的重要著力點(diǎn)。

早在1965年，柬埔寨西努哈克親王就曾到渝訪問(wèn)。當(dāng)時(shí)為迎接親王的到來(lái)，重慶市還特意在鵝嶺公園修建了兩江亭。半個(gè)世紀(jì)后，柬埔寨王國(guó)于2004年12月在重慶設(shè)立總領(lǐng)事館，為雙邊關(guān)系的快速發(fā)展搭建了良好的平臺(tái)，雙方互動(dòng)增多。2007年9月，時(shí)任重慶市委書(shū)記汪洋率中共代表團(tuán)訪問(wèn)柬埔寨并與柬埔寨首相洪森進(jìn)行會(huì)談。2011年6月，柬埔寨政府副首相涅本才來(lái)渝訪問(wèn)。同年10月，柬文化藝術(shù)部部長(zhǎng)亨柴訪渝并參加“中國(guó)—東盟（10+1）文化部長(zhǎng)會(huì)晤”，期間與中國(guó)文化部部長(zhǎng)蔡武和重慶市相關(guān)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)進(jìn)行了深切交談。11月，柬司法部大臣昂翁·瓦塔納來(lái)渝訪問(wèn)并參加“中國(guó)—東盟法律合作與發(fā)展高層論壇”。2012年2月，柬首相助理、金邊市政府辦公廳主任李·薩維斯一行來(lái)渝并就雙方合作與重慶市相關(guān)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)進(jìn)行深切交流。2013年7月，重慶市外經(jīng)委主任王毅率重慶商貿(mào)物流考察團(tuán)訪柬，并拜訪柬商業(yè)部毛徒拉副部長(zhǎng)。在雙方頻繁互動(dòng)的助推下，2013年9月，重慶市與柬埔寨金邊市正式結(jié)為友好城市。

在經(jīng)貿(mào)方面，重慶與柬埔寨之間的貿(mào)易總量逐年增加。重慶的摩托車企業(yè)在柬?yè)碛袕V闊市場(chǎng)。同時(shí)，柬埔寨在稅收等方面也為中國(guó)企業(yè)赴柬投資與通商提供優(yōu)惠。在中國(guó)—東盟自由貿(mào)易區(qū)建立以后，柬埔寨更成為了重慶的重要貿(mào)易伙伴。僅2012年，雙方進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易總額就達(dá)4393萬(wàn)美元。目前，共有8家重慶企業(yè)赴柬埔寨投資，2家柬埔寨企業(yè)來(lái)渝興業(yè)。

在文化交流上，歷任柬埔寨駐渝領(lǐng)事都積極參與重慶市外僑辦組織的參觀與考察活動(dòng)，為推動(dòng)民間交往貢獻(xiàn)力量。柬埔寨豐富的旅游資源吸引了大批重慶市民赴柬旅游。柬埔寨的暹粒等地已成為重慶境外旅游的熱門(mén)目的地。除此之外，渝柬雙方的文藝團(tuán)體與青年學(xué)生也進(jìn)行互動(dòng)交流。在2011年第12屆亞洲藝術(shù)節(jié)上，柬埔寨的文藝工作者就為重慶市民帶來(lái)了多場(chǎng)精彩的表演。

國(guó)體

國(guó)體即國(guó)家政權(quán)的組織形式，它反映了國(guó)家的階級(jí)本質(zhì)，它是由社會(huì)各階級(jí)、階層在國(guó)家中的地位所反應(yīng)出來(lái)的國(guó)家的根本屬性。它包括兩個(gè)方面：一是各階級(jí)、各階層在國(guó)家中所處的統(tǒng)治與被統(tǒng)治地位；二是各階級(jí)、階層在統(tǒng)治集團(tuán)內(nèi)部所處的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)與被領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位。

柬埔寨憲法規(guī)定，柬埔寨的國(guó)體是君主立憲制，實(shí)行自由民主制和自由市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)，立法、行政、司法三權(quán)分立。國(guó)王是終身制國(guó)家元首、武裝力量最高統(tǒng)帥、國(guó)家統(tǒng)一和永存的象征，有權(quán)宣布大赦，在首相建議并征得國(guó)會(huì)主席同意后有權(quán)解散國(guó)會(huì)。國(guó)王因故不能理政或不在國(guó)內(nèi)期間由參議院主席代理國(guó)家元首職務(wù)。王位不能世襲，國(guó)王去世后由首相、佛教兩派僧王、參議院和國(guó)會(huì)正副主席共9人組成的王位委員會(huì)在七日內(nèi)從安東、諾羅敦和西索瓦三支王族后裔中遴選產(chǎn)生新國(guó)王。

國(guó)教

國(guó)教即國(guó)家宗教，它是指由國(guó)家確立的在本國(guó)具有高于其它宗教地位的宗教。國(guó)教往往負(fù)擔(dān)著通過(guò)宗教宣揚(yáng)國(guó)家思想的任務(wù)。國(guó)家宗教是實(shí)行國(guó)教制度的國(guó)家中占統(tǒng)治地位的官方意識(shí)形態(tài)，得到國(guó)家的支持和保護(hù)，并為維護(hù)國(guó)家政權(quán)的穩(wěn)定和社會(huì)生活的秩序服務(wù)。在古代和中世紀(jì)，許多奴隸制和封建制的國(guó)家都有強(qiáng)制性的官方宗教。在現(xiàn)代仍然有實(shí)行國(guó)教制的國(guó)家。在這些國(guó)家，國(guó)教的地位一般不能由某個(gè)黨派予以變更或否定，其教義、教規(guī)和禮拜儀式也不得隨意更改。宗教在實(shí)行國(guó)教制的國(guó)家與實(shí)行政教合一或沒(méi)有國(guó)教的國(guó)家均有所不同。

柬埔寨的國(guó)教是佛教，它對(duì)柬埔寨國(guó)內(nèi)政治產(chǎn)生了重要影響。佛教早年在結(jié)束法國(guó)對(duì)柬埔寨殖民統(tǒng)治，特別是對(duì)國(guó)家統(tǒng)一發(fā)揮了不可替代的作用。如今，僧侶也積極參與世俗生活和政治生活，并積極要求自己和民眾的權(quán)利，在柬埔寨社會(huì)生活中也發(fā)揮了極其重要的作用。

國(guó)葬

國(guó)葬是國(guó)家為了紀(jì)念對(duì)國(guó)家有卓越貢獻(xiàn)的人而舉行的葬禮，它表達(dá)了國(guó)家對(duì)逝者崇高的敬意。國(guó)葬是一種高規(guī)格的葬禮，代表了國(guó)家意志。國(guó)葬在許多國(guó)家都存在，如中國(guó)、日本、美國(guó)等。

西哈努克2012年10月15日在北京去世后，柬埔寨國(guó)王和首相親自前往北京迎接太皇的靈柩，時(shí)任中國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)委員戴秉國(guó)專程護(hù)送至柬埔寨首都金邊。時(shí)任全國(guó)政協(xié)主席賈慶林赴柬埔寨出席西哈努克太皇葬禮，這是近年來(lái)我國(guó)最高級(jí)別赴外致哀外交行為。

案例分析

Unpredictable, ebullient, mercurial, autocratic, self-indulgent - these are just some of the descriptions applied over the years to former King Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia.

Yet beneath all the joking and indulgence was a master politician and leader who frequently changed allegiances but always tried to preserve the unity of his country and prevent it being gobbled up by the big powers.

Born in 1922, Sihanouk was the eldest son of King Norodom Suramarit and Queen Kossamak. Educated at French schools in Saigon and in Paris, the Nazi-controlled Vichy government in France crowned Sihanouk king of Cambodia in 1941.

When a US-backed coup installed Lon Nol as Cambodia's leader, Sihanouk was forced into exile in Beijing. Sihanouk returned, and was again crowned king in 1993 when the UN in 1991 persuaded the Vietnamese to withdraw and set Cambodia on the road to democracy.

But as the country slowly worked its way towards political stability, Sihanouk's health steadily worsened. In 2004, he announced he would step down in favor of one of his sons, the current king Norodom Sihamoni. After that, Sihanouk spent much of his time overseas, in Beijing and Pyongyang to undergo medical treatment for cancer, diabetes and a series of mild strokes.

He wrote in a royal letter in January, 2012 that he requested his body to be cremated instead of being buried and his ashes to be put in an urn, preferably made of gold, and placed in a stupa at the Royal Palace.

On October 15th, 2012, the ex-Cambodian King died at the age of 90 in China's capital city of Beijing, where he was being treated for illnesses by Chinese doctors for years.

Cambodia’s Deputy Prime Minister announced that the former King died at 2:00 a.m. of natural causes and hailed him as a great king that all respected and loved. Mourners wore black ribbons and f l ags f l ew at half-mast in Cambodia following his death.

King Norodom Sihamoni and Prime Minister Hun Sen flew to Beijing that morning to receive Norodom Sihanouk’s body. His body was expected to be returned to Cambodia and go on display for three months in the capital Phnom Penh to allow people to pay their respects before an off i cial funeral at the royal palace.

"His death was a great loss to Cambodia," said his assistant and relative Prince Sisowath Thomico. "King Sihanouk did not belong to his family, he belonged to Cambodia and to history."

Officials from the US, China, North Korea and Japan, among other countries, also sent messages of condolence. A statement from China's foreign ministry hailed Sihanouk as a "great friend of the Chinese people". Japan's top government spokesman said without him "there could not have been success in the Cambodian peace process".

On Feb. 1st, 2013, three months after the death of the late King Father Sihanouk, Cambodia held a royal funeral march for him.

"All traditional and customary events during the funeral are kept the same as those during the cremations of previous kings, but this time, the ceremony will be the largest of all", said Prince Thomico, who is also former aide to the late King Father.

On that day, King Sihanouk's gold casket was carried on a golden f l oat, surrounded by off i cials wearing white, the color of mourning. The coffin carrying the embalmed body was paraded through the streets and was taken from the Palace in a procession to a custom-built crematorium at the Veal Preah Meru Square where his funeral pyre will be lit by his wife and son, King Norodom Sihamoni. The body will be kept there for another three days before it is cremated on Feb. 4th.

In Phnom Penh, crowds began lining the streets of Phnom Penh at dawn ahead of the parade. Students wearing white shirts with black ribbons pinned on them sang songs before offering f l owers at the royal palace.

Jia Qinglin, chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, attended the royal cremation ceremony and conveyed the grief of the 1.3 billion Chinese people to them over the passing-away of the King Father Norodom Sihanouk.

"It is the symbol of the friendship and the fraternity that links Cambodia to China; it is a big honor for Cambodia to have a respected leader of the People Republic of China attending the royal funeral," Prince Thomico told Xinhua in an exclusive interview.

Besides Jia, a number of foreign leaders including French Prime Minister Jean-MarcAyrault, Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung and Japan's Prince Akishino also took part in the cremation ceremony on Monday.

A week-long royal funeral of Cambodia's late King Norodom Sihanouk came to an end on Thursday when his cremains were taken from the cremation site to keep in the royal palace in a procession.

Sihanouk's remains were stored in three urns at the royal palace. Chea Kean, vice president of the National and International Ceremony Organizing Committee, said that two urns were made of gold and one was made of marble.