查理·羅素：與熊共舞

Commotion1 in the distance catches Charlie Russells eye and he squints2 into the sun to make out the shapes of three brown bears. They are heading towards him—fast. Snow explodes around them every time their massive paws hit the ground. But Russell stays put. When they get a metre or so from him， the towering animals slow down to a stroll. The leading bear holds her face very close to Russells. She nuzzles his nose with her own and Russell breaks into a smile. “Hey， little bear，” he says.

Here the audience holds its breath. Its 2010—five years later—and were in Whitehorse， Yukon， where a whitehaired Russell stands before a crowded conference room as a documentary about his life， The Edge of Eden， flickers3 behind him. Local citizens have come to get， first-hand， the story of the “Bear Man of Kamchatka4.”

Russell， now 70， earned this title after he relocated to the easternmost part of Russia， built a cabin at the base of a lakeside volcano and spent more than ten springs and summers living with brown bears—the taller， heavier cousin of the North American grizzly5.

“No question， bears are dangerous，” says Russell， but he also argues that demonizing6 them prevents us from recognizing their intelligent， playful and peaceful nature. “They attack us because we abuse them，” he insists， and for the last two years he has travelled across Canada， lecturing in communities where bears are considered a nuisance. “What I want to do now is work on the human side of the problem，” Russell says. In a country where cities spread deep into the rural landscape and hunters kill about 450 grizzlies annually， he is determined to change the way we treat our ursine neighbours.

Russell was raised with the idea that “the only good bear is a dead bear.” His father， a hunter and outfitter7， shared stories of bloodthirsty8 grizzlies with his five children. However， when the familys hunting business faltered9 in the early 1960s， Russell and his brother joined their father on an expedition to film grizzlies in Alaska. Russell couldnt help but wonder why bears behaved aggressively towards gun-toters， but left the filmmakers alone10. “I suspected they didnt like cruelty，” he says.

In 1994 he tested out his theory in British Columbias Khutzeymateen Inlet， where he took tourists on bearviewing excursions. One afternoon， while resting on a log between guiding trips， Russell sat still as a female grizzly casually approached. “I knew if I did not move， she would keep coming，” he later wrote in his 2002 book Grizzly Heart. “I had decided to let her come as close as she wanted.” Russell spoke to the bear in gentle tones and she sat down beside him. She put her paw on his hand and Russell reciprocated11 the gesture， touching her nose， lip and teeth. These were the iron jaws featured in his fathers campfire stories， now no more threatening than the snout of a puppy. If he could repeat similar moments—and perhaps photograph the encounters—Russell believed he could prove that “just by treating bears kindly， people can live safely with them.”

The place to go was the Kamchatka Peninsula. At 1，200 kilometres long， the area has one of the densest populations of brown bears in the world—as many as 1，200 roam the government-controlled sanctuary12. In 1996 Russell settled next to the pristine13 Kambalnoye Lake with his partner， artist Maureen Enns. With the closest town more than 200 kilometres away， Russell felt the location was remote enough to study the bears without distractions—or poachers14 looking for bear gallbladders15， a hot commodity in traditional Chinese medicine. “What I wanted，” explains Russell， “was to befriend the bears， to be the only human influence on them.”

Russell and Enns began mingling with the animals immediately， without incident. “I had so many bears around，” he says， “I couldnt go to the bathroom without an encounter.” The next year， however， things took an interesting turn. He heard about three orphaned cubs at a nearby zoo. The cubs were caged and ate only the popcorn and candy that children tossed to them. Russell and Enns knew the cubs would grow big enough to swipe at people through the bars and therefore be shot. So they bought the cubs from the zoo and helicoptered them to their cabin.

At only six kilograms each， Chico， Biscuit and Rosie were too small to venture off on their own， so Russell housed them behind an electric fence—meant more to keep predators16 out than to keep the young bears in. Experts warned Russell and Enns that the cubs would quickly become aggressive. But in their seven years together， these bears never turned on17 the couple. When the shrubs exploded in berries， Russell took the cubs to forage. When the salmon moved inland， he taught the cubs to fish. It took them a while to get comfortable in the water， but soon the bears were paddling confidently behind Enns in her kayak. The couple was suddenly saddled18 with more cubs when a sow began using them as a babysitting service. “She figured it was safe to drop them off with me while she went hunting，” says Russell. “What a wonderful way to be taken advantage of.”

In the spring of 2003 Russell jumped out of a Russian helicopter onto the foggy Kamchatka tundra19. Anticipating another idyllic summer， he rushed to his cabin with five months worth of supplies loaded on his back. But as he flung open the door， he was hit with a stomach-churning stench20. Peering21 into the dark room， he could just make out22 the shape of a rotten gallbladder nailed to the wall. Poachers had killed every one of his bears.

Heartbroken， Russell （who had since been joined by Enns） fled to the familial comfort of Alberta. “It was a huge shock，” says Dick， Russells elder brother. “Its like having your kids killed.” But less than a year after the massacre23， Russell felt the pull of Kamchatka. So when he got a call from Canadian filmmakers Jeff and Sue Turner asking him to participate in a film about his years studying bears in Russia， he couldnt turn them down.

But Enns did. “She said， ‘Im not going to have any part of it，” recalls Russell. “She was smart. God， it was hell going back there.” After four gruelling24 years of filming， Russell left Russia for good25 in 2007—but he wouldnt leave defeated. He had footage of the extraordinary creatures hed come to know： creatures who nuzzled noses with him after a long winter apart and who galloped beside him on his walks.

Russell knows stories like his are rarely heard. When bear attacks happen， news stories can sensationalize26 the danger. But the numbers dont match the hype27. Canada is home to about 380，000 black bears and 26，000 grizzlies， and in the past decade fewer than 15 people have been mauled to death. Poor treatment causes bears to turn violent， says Russell， who points to conservation officers dealings with bears as an example. A bear that continuously comes too close to humans will be shot at with noisemakers28， rubber bullets or tranquilizers29. Many are captured and released， which can be frightening for the bear， argues Russell. During what is called a “hard release，” the bear is bombarded with loud noises as it leaves the trap and heads into the forest. Dogs bark and snap at the fleeing animal. The message： Dont come back.

“But see it from the bears perspective，” says Russell. “You cant spend all day running from things and not be stressed. We make them dangerous.” To prevent bears from becoming nuisances， Russell says， the public needs to keep garbage in bear-proof bins， and parks staff should avoid haranguing30 the animals. “Bears can feel respect and they learn respect.”

But getting respect from ranchers is more easily said than done. When bears wake from their six-month hibernation31， theyre looking for one thing： a meal—and fast. They search for weak or dead cattle on nearby ranches and often come up against angry， armed ranchers.

After years of observing deadly runins， Russell took action. He trucked dead cattle from his Alberta ranch to a nearby area just outside the bears winter homes. If they had easy access to bounty32， he reasoned， they wouldnt need to sniff around the ranches. The plan worked and bear-rancher encounters decreased. Russell even began adding his neighbours deceased cattle to the pile. He is happy that Albertas Sustainable Resource Development Ministry has since developed its own successful feeding program using roadkill. Its not unusual to see department staff fly out to the dens each year， moose and deer carcasses swinging in the helicopters sling.

At the end of the night， copies of Grizzly Heart and the film sell out. The high sales indicate to Russell that the public is receptive to his message. If only one rancher changes his habits because of his talk， the years in Kamchatka will have been worth it. “I hope Ive helped them see these are not the horrible animals theyve been told about，” says Russell. “Bears give us what we give them. Give them violence， we get violence back. But give them kindness and we get kindness.”

遠處一陣嘈雜的腳步聲吸引了查理·羅素的目光，他迎著陽光，瞇縫起眼睛，向前望去，看見三只棕熊的身影。這三只熊正以迅疾的速度向他奔來，巨大的熊掌拍打著地面，每一步都激得地上的積雪四處飛濺。但羅素依然一動不動。在離他一米開外的地方，棕熊高大的身軀慢了下來，緩緩向他走來。為首的棕熊將臉貼近羅素的臉，用鼻子摩挲著羅素的鼻子，羅素對著她微微一笑，說：“你好，小熊！”

觀眾屏住了呼吸。這時已是五年之后的2010年（編注：本文刊發于2010年），我們正身處加拿大育空地區的懷特霍斯市。在這里，滿頭白發的羅素正站在一間座無虛席的會議室里，身后的大屏幕上正播放著一部關于他生平的紀錄片——《伊甸園的邊緣》。當地居民紛紛前來，想親眼目睹這位“堪察加半島熊人”的傳奇經歷。

現年70歲的羅素在多年以前曾重返俄羅斯最東部，在臨湖的一座火山腳下搭起了一間小木屋，和棕熊一起度過了十余個春秋，由此贏得了“堪察加半島熊人”的稱號。這些棕熊是北美灰熊的近親，但它們比灰熊更高、更重。

“毫無疑問，熊是危險的動物。”羅素說，但他同時也認為不能將熊妖魔化，那樣會使我們看不到熊的另一面：聰明、頑皮、平和。“它們攻擊我們，是因為我們冒犯了它們。”羅素強調說。在過去兩年多時間里，羅素走遍了加拿大，在社區給討厭熊的人們做演講。他說：“我現在想要做的，是從人類這方面入手解決人與熊的緊張關系。”在加拿大，城市的擴展占據了大片的農村地帶，獵人們每年獵殺的灰熊都在450頭左右，羅素決心要改變人們對待自己的近鄰——熊——的方式。……