【中圖分類號】G633.41【文獻標識碼】A【文章編號】2095-3089(2012)08-0115-01
1.句子結(jié)構(gòu)的變化
單一句式給人以枯燥、乏味、單調(diào)的感覺,而句式結(jié)構(gòu)適當變化可以給文章增色,進而有助于引起閱卷教師的注意。句式結(jié)構(gòu)切忌使用同一句型,特別是全部使用主謂句式,請看下例:
Mr. Zhang is a good teacher. He knows all his students’ advantages and shortcomings. He teaches them in different ways. He also knows how to educate them in the proper time. He is a close friend of his students.
糾正上面文章句子結(jié)構(gòu)的單一性可以從以下幾個方面著手: a.把簡單句改為并列句或復(fù)合句;b.加上連接詞起邏輯承接作用。上面一段句子結(jié)構(gòu)單一的段落可以改寫如下:
As a good teacher, Mr. Zhang knows all his students’ advantages and shortcomings. He teaches them in different ways and knows how to educate them in the proper time. As a result, he becomes a close friend of his students besides a teacher.
2.句子重點要突出
一般來說,我們可以通過以下幾個方面突出句子的重點。
(1)將應(yīng)強調(diào)的成分放在醒目的位置
句子中最受注意的位置通常是句首和句尾。試比較下面兩句話:
A. The student who cheats in an examination is cheating only himself ultimately.
B. The student who cheats in an examination is ultimately cheating only himself.
句A就不如句B重點突出。
(2)調(diào)整句子的并列和主從關(guān)系
當句子互為并列關(guān)系時,各方面都得到相同強調(diào);而在主從復(fù)合句中,強調(diào)之處通過主句來表達,非強調(diào)之處則通過從句或附加成分來表達。試看下例:
I. They were waiting for the meeting to begin. They talked each other. They talked about the Chinese women volleyball team. The volleyball team had won victories.
II. While they were waiting for the meeting to begin, they talked about the victories that the Chinese woman volleyball team had won.
在A段中,所以內(nèi)容均為并列成分,因此無重點可言。修改后的文章重點有了應(yīng)有的突出,使文章層次清楚,意思明確。
(3)主動句與被動句的搭配使用
漢語中被動句用得少,但英語卻比較多。被動語態(tài)常常用于突出動作的承受者,旨在進行客觀描述、報導(dǎo)等。而主動句是強調(diào)句子的發(fā)出者,要根據(jù)句子表達的重點選擇使用。
(4)為了突出句子的某一部分,我們還可以采用強調(diào)句(It is/was…that…)、倒裝句或排比句式去增加表達效果。
3.段落寫作
一個段落常常是由兩個部分組成,即表達該段落主題的主題句(Topic sentence)部分和說明、論述及支持這一主題的擴展句(Developing sentences)部分。在某些段落中,還有第三個部分:結(jié)論句(Ending sentence)部分。
下面這段文章的結(jié)構(gòu)比較清晰和完整:
Diligence is the key factor of success. Diligence gives every man and woman, every boy and girl, proper work to do. Many men have become great because of their hard work. Diligence can make a fool wise and a poor man rich. Thus, we know that diligence is a good thing.
從以上例子可以看出,按照這種方法寫出來的段落,主題明確,條理清楚,而且容易被初學(xué)者掌握。
4.常用的過度連接詞
(1)用于引導(dǎo)主題句,或用于主題句的后面,引導(dǎo)第一擴展句。
first(ly) 第一first of all 首先,第一
to begin with首先,第一for one thing首先
in general 一般來說(常與for another連用)
on the one hand首先 generally speaking 一般地說
(常與on the other hand連用)
(2)用于承接主題句或第一個(或前一個)擴展句。
second(ly)第二,第二點in other words 換句話說
besides (this) 此外 in addition 除……之外
furthermore 而且,此外 moreover而且,此外
what is more而且,此外meanwhile 與此同時
(3)有關(guān)“轉(zhuǎn)”的常用詞語;用來表示不同或相反的情況。
on the contrary 相反地however 然而
whereas… 然而…nevertheless 盡管如此
(4)用于小結(jié)段落中上文的內(nèi)容,引導(dǎo)結(jié)尾句表示段落結(jié)束。
as has been noted 如前所述hence 因此
in brief 簡言之in conclusion 總之
therefore 因此 eventually 最終
to sum up 總而言之consequently 因此
參考文獻:
[1]《中小學(xué)英語教學(xué)與研究》2012年第6期
[2]普通高中《英語課程標準》