銜接在英語演講中的研究

摘 要：語篇分析發展至今，已經取得了可觀的成果。語篇銜接與連貫是語篇分析所要解決的重要問題之一。銜接，作為語篇的一個重要組成部分，對語篇連貫起著至關重要的作用。本研究的主要對象是喬布斯于2005年在斯坦福大學畢業典禮上所發表演講中的第二則故事。通過對指稱、替代、省略、連接、詞匯銜接等5種主要的銜接手段運用情況的描述，運用歸納和演繹等方法，分析這些語篇銜接手段在本篇演說詞中所達到的效果和所發揮的作用。

關鍵詞：語篇分析；銜接機制；英語演講

[中圖分類號]:H31 [文獻標識碼]: A

[文章編號]：1002-2139(2012)-15-0177-01

RESEARCH ON COHESION

Cohesion and coherence are grammatically realized by various cohesive devices， reference， substitution， ellipsis， conjunction and lexical cohesion included. The second story which I have selected will be analyzed via the cohesive devices listed above.

To begin with， Halliday and Hasan， in their Cohesion in English， have defined reference as a relation between things or facts. In this sense， reference is a device， allowing a reader or hearer of language to trace entities， events or participants in a text， as the examples extracted from the story illustrated，

“(“c” stands for “clause”) Woz and I started Apple in my parents’ garage when I was 20.” “ We worked hard …” (participants)

“ What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone， and it was devastating.” (event)

“ It was awful-tasting medicine， but I guess the patient needed it.” (entity)

Secondly， substitution is a relation on the lexical-grammatical level to avoid duplication in discourse. For instance，

“ But then our visions of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a falling out.” “ When we did， our Board of Directors sided with him.”

This verbal substitution “did” has replaced the whole sentence printed in bold above. With some structure substituted though， the extracted text is still cohesive and consistent.

Next， in the book Cohesion in English， Halliday and Hasan put forward ellipsis as the form of substitution in which the item is replaced by nothing， in other words， the omission of an item. For example，

“ And that is as true for your work as it is (true) for your lovers.”

In this case of ellipsis， the adjective “true” in brackets is omitted to avoid repetition and prolixity.

Then， conjunction refers to the combination of any two textural elements into a potentially coherent complex semantic unit. It involves the use of formal markers or conjunctions to relate words， clauses and sentences to each other， as illustrated below，

“ I met with David Pachard and Bob Noyce …” (conjunction of words)

“ So keep looking until you find it.” (conjunction of clauses)

“ When we did， our Board of Directors sided with him.” “ So at 30 I was out.” (conjunction of sentences)

Last but not least， lexical cohesion refers to the role played by the selection of vocabulary in organizing relations within a text and it is built up via the semantic choice. For instance，

“We worked hard， and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a $2 billion company with over 4000 employees.”

In the sense of lexical cohesion， the entity of “Apple” equates to that of “a $2 billion company”.

In a nutshell， all the kinds of cohesive devices are utilized to achieve cohesion and coherence grammatically throughout the story I have selected， or the discourse more precisely.

REFERENCES

[1]、Halliday. M. A. K. Hasan， R. 英語的銜接[M]. 張德祿，王鈺純，韓玉萍，柴秀鵑譯. 北京：北京外語教學與研究出版社， 2007.

[2]、Halliday M. A. K. Hasan， R. Cohesion in English [M]. London: Longman， 1976.

[3]、高彥梅. 指稱的層次[J]. 外國語(上海外國語大學學報)， 2002， (03) .

[4]、Introduction to Text Linguistics [M]. London: Longman. 1981.

[5]、胡壯麟. 語篇的連貫與銜接[M]. 上海：上海外語教育出版社，1994.

[6]、張德祿. 論銜接[J]. 外國語(上海外國語大學學報)， 2001， (02).