張書旂是一位藝術的革新者,其卓越卻短暫的藝術事業橫跨中國和美國。他成就了一種獨特的藝術風格,以西方繪畫的元素重新激發了傳統中國畫筆法和美學的生命力。在上個世紀50年代,他作為一名從中國來到美國的傳達藝術與友好的大使,通過自己的藝術將中國文化之美麗與優雅充分地展現出來,完成了藝術和外交的雙重使命。
送給羅斯福總統的《百鴿圖》,
是第一幅進入白宮的現代中國畫
6月的杭州,暑氣漸起。南山路邊的浙江美術館國際會議廳,一場名為“張書旂在美國的繪畫生涯”的講座吸引了許多聽眾。斯坦福大學歷史系教授張少書(即張書旂的兒子)向杭州的朋友們展示了張書旂在美國期間部分珍貴的影像資料和不為人知的趣聞軼事。
同天上午,“張書旂作品展”在浙江美術館隆重開幕。張書旂的家人在美國通過好友得知,在張書旂先生的故鄉浙江,新建了一座目前國內設施最先進、藏品建設領先的美術館。為了實現張書旂先生生前欲回祖國故鄉的愿望,便希望捐贈部分張書旂作品永久收藏在這座美術館。而這也是浙江美術館首次在境外接受藝術家家屬的捐贈。
出身于浙江浦江書畫世家的張書旂,少年時就在繪畫方面展現出了一種早熟的天賦。張書旂畢業于金華浙江省立第七中學,于1921年成為劉海粟上海美術專科學校的首批學生之一,開始專攻西方繪畫技巧。未能滿足于西方畫藝的張書旂回到了傳統的中國畫,但是西方藝術技巧上的訓練在他的藝術風格上留下了不可磨滅的印記。
20世紀30年代,張書旂的事業飛速發展,并受聘任教于南京中央大學藝術系。他積極投身于以上海和杭州為中心的藝術圈。他的友人和同儕包括徐悲鴻、傅抱石、潘天壽、吳作人、劉子谷、許士騏、劉海粟、李毅士、艾中信、吳茀之等人。在1937年舉辦的第二屆全國美展上張書旂作品亦列入其中。此外,他的作品還入選巴黎、柏林、莫斯科及其他歐洲各大城市舉辦的中國當代畫展。
歷史是如此巧合。
1940年,同時有兩件“和平鴿”題材的作品面世。一件是張書旂在重慶完成的《百鴿圖》,他以鴿子象征幸福、和平,稱之為“世界和平的信使”。另一件是畢加索在巴黎受鄰居老大爺所托描繪了一只被德軍槍殺的白鴿“蕭萊士”,畢加索以白鴿象征和平,榮稱“世界和平戰士”。在藝術的世界里,沒有國界、沒有戰爭,只有陽光、和平與快樂。
據張書旂后來回憶,當時他是在外面日軍炮火紛飛的地下防空洞里完成《百鴿圖》(又名《世界和平的信使》)的創作的。他說持續的空襲威脅給創作過程帶來了諸多困難。中央大學被轟炸時,他不得不將這幅尚未完成的畫作夾在臂下趕往防空洞。數日后,作品基本完成但畫跡尚未干透。日軍再次空襲時,他不得不留下畫作趕鉆防空洞。他后來回憶道:“我想這一次不能再冒險把它帶在身邊了。”幸運的是,雖然此番轟炸對周邊地區破壞甚巨,但畫作本身并沒有受到損壞。他的和平鴿安全了─他將鴿子和畫作的安然無恙視作希望的象征。
張書旂在1940年12月23日中央大學舉辦的贈送儀式暨張書旂畫展上,親自將完成的《百鴿圖》交給時任美國駐華大使尼爾森·約翰遜(Nelson Johnson),請他轉贈美國總統羅斯福,祝賀他第三次當選美國總統。約翰遜將畫作寄往白宮,并在寫給羅斯福總統的附信中談及這件作品象征了美國總統對正在進行的世界大戰的立場。此圖經空運、海運,送到羅斯福手中,后收藏于羅斯福總統圖書館。
張書旂完成《百鴿圖》用時三周,在一天之內就繪出50只鴿子,并在隨后的時間完成了剩余部分。畫中的每只鴿子位置不同,形態各異,栩栩如生,強烈地吸引著觀者。約翰遜特別提及了畫作豐富的色彩和獨特的視角,這些對于他的西方式感知有著巨大的魅力。這幅大型畫作跨越半個地球,從重慶運抵華盛頓。根據當地報紙報道,畫作在白宮陳列展出。隨后,紐約市一所主要藝術館法拉吉爾畫廊(FerargilGalleries)向白宮借出畫作,并在1942年5月舉辦的中國藝術展上展出。羅斯福總統向中方致函,并在信中表達對這幅“美麗的作品”的欣賞和他“收到這幅畫作的喜悅心情”。
據美國國家檔案署泰瑞女士介紹,《百鴿圖》的出借是美國國家文獻館館藏檔案首次來到中國。因此,在本次浙江美術館張書旂作品展現場,我們才有機會見證這幅名作的“廬山真面目”。
白鴿紛飛,歲月滄桑,但我們依然能夠感受到畫作上洋溢的郁勃生氣和滿腔希望。徐悲鴻曾評價張書旂“畫鴿應屬古今第一”。《百鴿圖》是張書旂先生擅長畫上用粉、精于花卉翎毛的經典之作。
張少書教授介紹說,當時贈送《百鴿圖》給羅斯福總統的新聞迅速在西方世界傳了開來,所以香港新聞出版商陳孝威便邀請張書旂創作另一幅作品,以表示對英國首相丘吉爾的敬意。在友人趙少昂的鼓勵下,張書旂創作了《云霄一羽圖》,描繪了一只孤獨卻堅毅的海鷹在波濤萬丈的海岸上空翱翔的圖景。這幅畫附有楊永璽為丘吉爾首相所作的長詩,現今陳列于丘吉爾故居──英國查特韋爾莊園(Chartwell)。
他在美國浪漫而輝煌的繪畫、展覽,得到西方評論家的高度評價
《百鴿圖》連接了中美之間的友誼,也直接促成了張書旂浪漫而輝煌的跨洋繪畫之旅。在美國,他多次前往東海岸和中西部,直至大西洋沿岸。他在大學、民間團體和畫廊舉辦了多場畫展,尤以華盛頓、波士頓、紐約以及芝加哥大都市區為最多。
那么美國觀眾對張書旂的畫展作何反應呢?
從紀錄的影像可以看出,對于這些觀眾來說,他的中國畫的完整的獨特性在于強調并展現了生命力以及控制良好的自發性。《波士頓郵報》(Boston Globe)廣受尊敬的藝術批評家A·J·菲爾波特(A.J.Philpott)的文章非常具有代表性,在觀看過張書旂的一次在波士頓藝術博物館的畫展及現場作畫之后,菲爾波特寫道:張書旂的畫展是“我在波士頓曾經看過的所有展出里最有趣的之一”,因為這是這樣的作品在這座城市里的首次展出,它是“讓人難以忘懷的技藝的展現,它與水彩畫的方法完全不同”。
張書旂在美國的公開畫展很多在劇場展出,他在聚集起來的觀眾面前多次現場作畫。他的畫作的公開展覽是如此的引人入勝,安大略博物館拍攝了關于他的影片,用鏡頭來捕捉他的色彩、筆法,以及作畫技巧。他恣意、迅捷、濕潤和生機勃勃的作畫情景,與他的北美觀眾們所熟知的西方油畫傳統迥然不同。張書旂的作畫技法強調自發性、流動性、恣意性,以及生命的表達力。照片展現出觀看張書旂作畫的觀眾全神貫注、流露出驚嘆與贊美的表情。
有西方評論家評論道:在他致力于完善其畫技與藝術理念的過程中,張書旂教授似乎顯得很傳統。但在他的藝術表達方式中,他卻是革新者。大多數中國藝術建構在我們所說的“黑白”的基礎上,講究明暗深淺的變化。有時稍帶些許的彩色。張書旂這位藝術家按照自己的心意使用微妙的、謹慎卻明亮的色彩,并且使用白色顏料,從而打破了傳統。
另一位評論家寫道:中國繪畫和西方繪畫不同,后者關注更加實在的東西,并頌揚人類個性;前者則傾向于一種客觀唯心主義、自然的詩意、事物本身的美而非其實用價值。“畫是無聲的詩”是一句古老的中國諺語,也是讀懂張書旂這樣一位畫家作品的關鍵。
1943年上半年,張書旂在華盛頓D.C.,希望能夠與羅斯福總統進行私人會面。在等待機會的同時,他游歷了這個城市,并結交了各界名流。1月17日至2月4日之間,他在藝術俱樂部展出了87幅畫作,受到了當地藝術界及政界的熱烈歡迎。展覽得到了當時中國一些文化名人的大力稱贊。諾貝爾文學獎獲得者、《大地》(TheGoodEarth)的作者賽珍珠(PearlBuck)講述了中國繪畫的發展,并談到自己20世紀30年代早期住在南京的時候,曾經看過張書旂的作品。她寫道:在張書旂的畫作里,“人們可以看到自信、平靜與堅忍。但同時也存在著美,古老中國的美,這樣的美仍存在于中國人的永恒靈魂中。很重要的一點是,今天,在中國抵抗敵人的過程中,不是只有軍隊首領活著并且成功了。更有意義的事情在于,藝術家活著,并且成功了。”
在舊金山的家里,張書旂用水泥和磚蓋起魚池、露臺和讓他能夠回憶起中國的假山庭院。他精心制作了盆景并栽種了原產于中國的花卉,像山茶花、吊鐘花、杜鵑、茉莉、月季、櫻樹、李樹和竹。盡管遠在大洋彼岸,但是思鄉之情卻濃烈而綿長。
在美國期間,他一直在各地旅行,展覽他的作品,進行現場作畫,同時也積極為美國援華聯合會募集資金,促進中國和北美人民的友誼。他在旅居美國的歲月里,靠賣畫籌集了數十萬美元(相當于今天的上百萬美元),用于援助中國。張少書教授認為,父親為了祖國而進行的募資,在個人博愛主義和慷慨解囊的意義上也是一個非凡的紀錄。
20世紀40年代,張書旂樂觀地預言西方藝術和中國藝術將不斷深入地相互融合。他深切地期望終有一天,一種沒有任何地理和文化疆界隔閡的“藝術”將得以存在。他寫道:“就目前的趨勢來看,這似乎是預示了一個東方與西方的聯合。”正是像張書旂這樣一批批藝術家,連接起太平洋兩岸的繪畫與文化,為中西方文化藝術的交流作出了積極的貢獻。
Culture Ambassador Between China and America
By Li Zi
Zhang Shuqi (1901-1957), an influential artist best known in the 1940s, was little known in Zhejiang for decades after he passed away, though the artist was a native of the province. He is no longer little known now thanks to a lecture by his son Zhang Shaoshu, a professor of history at Stanford University and thanks to an exhibition of more than 120 of his works at Zhejiang Art Museum. The lecture took place at the International Conference Center of Zhejiang Art Museum on the West Lake in Hangzhou on June 8, 2012. The exhibition ran from June 5 through 24, 2012.
After learning through some friends that Zhejiang now has a modern art museum, Zhang Shuqi’s relatives in America decided to donate part of the master’s works to the art museum. The donation includes 35 paintings and 16 drawings. This is the first time that Zhejiang Art Museum has received donated artworks from overseas. Other exhibits included those on loan from Zhang Shuqi Museum and the Hwa Kang Museum of Chinese Culture University based in Taiwan as well as from Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library Museum.
Zhang Shuqi was best known in the 1940s when his Chinese watercolor called “100 Doves” was presented as China’s gift to American President Roosevelt in celebration of his winning the third run for presidency. The president later wrote a letter expressing his appreciation of the beautiful artwork and his joy at receiving the painting.
“100 Doves”, formally known as \"Messengers of World Peace\" (134.6cm by 272.4cm), is painted in gouache, ink and wet colors on silk and mounted on paper.
In 1940 when World War II was going on, the world witnessed two paintings of doves of peace created by artists, according to some art historians. The better-known one was created by Picasso. The other one, much less known, was by Zhang Shuqi. Years later, Zhang remembered creating the painting during air raids in Chongqing, the wartime capital of China in the southwest. It took him three weeks to complete the painting. He painted the first 50 doves within one day. He spent the rest of the three weeks completing the other 50 doves and all the details. He was in the middle of creating this painting when air-raid alarm sounded. He rushed to the shelter with the unfinished painting under his arm. A few days later, the painting was almost finished when air-raid siren sounded again. In a hurry to the shelter, he did not take it with him. Fortunately, the painting survived the latest round of bombing although many buildings were gone during the blast. On December 23, 1940, Zhang presented “100 Doves” to Nelson Johnson, the American Ambassador to China at the opening ceremony of his solo exhibition. All the paintings at the exhibition were sold out. The money raised through the sales was donated for a scholarship foundation in commemoration of General Zhang Zizhong, who died in the resistance war against Japanese invasion.
The painting bears a poem by Luo Jialun, the president of National Central University. The painting also has an inscription by Chiang Kai-shek, the president of China during that time who ruled Taiwan for decades after the KMT government was defeated on the mainland.
Xu Beihong (1895-1953), a highly distinguished Chinese artist in the 20th century, said none in China’s millennia-long art history could stand up to Zhang Shuqi in painting doves.
After learning about Zhang’s painting for American President Roosevelt, Chen Xiaowei, a Hong Kong-based publisher and retired general, commissioned Zhang Shuqi to create a painting in honor of UK Prime Minister Churchill. Zhang Shuqi painted a sea eagle flying over a choppy sea. The painting was presented together with a long poem to Churchill. The painting is now on display at Chartwell, the former residence of Churchill in UK.
After Zhang’s painting to President Roosevelt was made known to the American public, the artist was invited over to the USA. In 1941, Zhang Shuqi went to the United States. He held individual exhibitions in various cities such as Washington, Boston, New York, and Chicago. As Zhang had studied western art in the 1920s at Shanghai Academy of Arts, Zhang was one of the Chinese artists who painted in a style that shows the influence of both east and west. His one-man shows in America demonstrated his art to the Americans who knew little about contemporary Chinese art. His fresh painting style was amazing to the American people. Through selling paintings at the exhibitions, he raised several hundred thousands US dollars and donated the money to assist the Chinese resistance war against Japanese aggression.
As a celebrated artist, Zhang Shuqi demonstrated elegance and charisma of Chinese arts to thousands of westerners with his distinctive and typical style. He made great efforts to invigorate traditional Chinese paintings and add western touches to the Chinese art. He introduced Chinese art to the American public and served as an ambassador of art between China and America.