“壞小子” 的藝術江湖

特約撰稿_Stella Wang 學術指導_Oscar Yan 編輯_曹爾寅 夏媛媛 供圖_AIP藝術留學

“壞小子” 的藝術江湖

特約撰稿_Stella Wang 學術指導_Oscar Yan 編輯_曹爾寅 夏媛媛 供圖_AIP藝術留學

卡拉瓦喬（1571—1610），意大利16世紀末至17世紀初著名現實主義畫家。

籠罩在文藝復興光環下的16世紀下半葉，藝術江湖群星隕落、青黃不接。整體感覺不啻告別城市中一眾鶯鶯燕燕后爬上一隅土山頭兒，撇見一位羞嗒嗒的俏美村姑（筆者注：此處暗指樣式主義），曖昧可以，一輩子卻顯得太 長。

Comparing with the status in Renaissance, there were just few artists presenting their talents in the second half of the 16th century, which looked like a man who waved bye-bye to his soul mate, and bumped into his ‘Lolita’.（here referred to as Mannerism）

狀況維系至17世紀初，歷經沉寂與探索，意大利美術江湖再現三雄, 它們分別是—意大利學院派藝術、巴洛克藝術以及以卡拉瓦喬為代表的現實主義美術。英雄既出，滿地便是江湖。

It was not until the early 1600s that ‘the Musketeer’ emerged after the years of silence and depression, they were Academic Art, Baroque Art and the Realism Art represented by Caravaggio respectively. Now that here came the heroes, the battle was already on.

之所以擇喬兄為主角展開本期話題，原因有三：在內容浩瀚的教科書《西方美術史》中，專為描寫卡拉瓦喬的內容便有完整的四頁，著實可見其地位；有人曾抱怨筆者文章過于突出女性的情感體驗，為避女性主義之嫌，這次選一位“大英雄”；若論繪畫技法，鮮少有人能出其右，大師之后再無大師。

There are three reasons to choose Caravaggio to start our topic： it is obvious that his status in the field of art is important as there are 4 pages introducing Caravaggion in the book ‘History of Western Arts’; To avoid the so-called feminism, a super hero becomWes the best theme to be inked this time.There is no one who can compare with Caravaggio in the aspects of painting.

神樣的畫技 Proficiency

米開朗基羅·梅里西·德·卡拉瓦喬是一位活躍于16世紀末、17世紀初的意大利杰出畫家。他風格特立，開啟了卡拉瓦喬畫派的先河，其作品令諸多后世名畫家愛不忍釋。他善于觀察并真實展現人物心理和生理特征，將明暗對比的畫法發揚光大，對巴洛克風格畫派生成有重要的影響。

Michela ngelo Merisi (or Amerighi) da Caravaggio was an Italian painter active in Italy during the late 16th century a nd the early 17th century. He was a genius in his field. Initiating “Caravaggisti” or“Caravagesques”, he inspired numerous of famous artists as well. His paintings, which combined a realistic observation of the human state, both physicaland emotional, with a dramatic use of lighting, had a formative influence on Baroque paintings.

執拗的英雄主義 Heroism

眾人常稱卡拉瓦喬為“壞小子”。縱觀其一生，他殺過人，鬧過事，幾次進出監獄，最后還入了幫派，被法庭請去喝咖啡也是家常便飯。個人以為，卡拉瓦喬如果續上幾集意大利版古惑仔應該不是什么難事兒。他脾氣火爆，江湖義氣重，總是表露出的不羈與叛逆在其創作中可見一斑。

Caravaggio was often referred to as “Bad Boy” by people.His whole life, could be described as an Italian version of Gangster. He once killed someone, made trouble and was in jail for several times, and he ultimately even joined reactionary gang. He had a volcanic temper and was a frequent caller of the local court. His unruly spirit and rebellion were profoundly reflected in his paintings.

他是個很執拗的畫家，所堅持的“展現真實性”使其獲得廣泛贊譽；但與此同時，他也是一個頑固的賣主，他的作品中呈現的“真實”也將他與一些宗教委員會對立開來。此外，創作速度快，是喬兄的另一繪畫特點——在觀察模特后，便直接用畫筆柄在畫布上勾勒底稿。關于這種做法，時內學界莫衷一是。

A s a m a n o f s t u b b o r n character, the “reality” his paintings reflected had been greatly praised by the public. Howe v e r, h e w a s a l s o a n obstinate seller;the so-called“reality”of his paintings set himself in an opposite position to some religious commissions. Besides, with the observation of live models. he always worked at great speed, scoring basic guides directly onto the canvas with the end of the brush handle. However, re ga rd i n g t o h i s p a i nt i n g approach,there is no unanimous conclusion can be drawn.

綜述 Conclusion

卡拉瓦喬畫焰囂張，怪力亂神，生活起來也較勁得緊，更是跋扈了。可上蒼總是優待才華橫溢的人，普通百姓更是如此，因而不管他犯了多少的錯，任了多少的性，后人頂多說句：這便是藝術家的性格。多少年后，盯著卡拉瓦喬的畫看，燈檠茗碗，促乎之間，驚嘆于他的鬼斧神工，也就自然消化了他的囂張與不羈。畫壇很少有兼職做大哥的人物，卡拉瓦喬可算名列頭首了。遂姑且總結，他畫過的，便是江湖。

C a ravaggio’s p a i nt i ng i s uninhibited but irreplaceable. His stubborn character was also vividly embodied in his masterpieces. God always bless the one who has talents and so do the public. Though a person who was self-centered and made numerous of mistakes, his defects were always accepted and were only treated as the reflection of ‘artistic character’. Hundreds of years later, when starting at Caravaggio’s paintings, I am always indulged in his caprice and appreciate his talents. Generally, there are very few of artists who perform like Gangsters as Caravaggio did and I have to say that what he painted was just like an Eden flashing with swords.

詞匯Vocabulary

canvas n.帆布

caprice n.任性

commission n.委員會

embody v.體現

feminist n.女性主義

formative adj. 形成的

Heroism n. 英雄主義

indulge v.放任

Mannerism n.樣式主義

marvel v. 對……感到驚訝

obstinate adj. 頑固的

rampant adj.囂張的

reactionary adj. 反動的

reemerged v. 再度出現

Renaissance n.文藝復興

unanimous adj.無異議的

01/02.卡拉瓦喬的水果籃及小男孩系列組圖（左為Bacchus1595-1596,右為BoywithaBasketofFruit1593-1594）。一生未娶的喬哥哥被傳有斷袖之癖，因其與各種小男模之間剪不斷理還亂的故事加諸其創作中的女主鳳毛麟角。坊間臆測不信也罷，反正當年卡拉瓦喬沒有正式宣布出柜，窺究其私生活也意義不大，各位看官意下如何？

03.《水果籃》（BasketofFruit1595-1596）是卡拉瓦喬早期的代表作，據史料考證，這是美術史上的第一幅靜物畫。瞧瞧這明晰而結實的輪廓、單純而光線、鮮明而實在的果實，連被蟲子啃食過的痕跡也被刻畫到淋漓盡致。一切的一切不僅表明了靜物完全可以成為獨立的繪畫主題而存在，也顯示了卡拉瓦喬與當時過度追求理想化的格格不入與求實精神。

04.這幅是被買家拒收了的《圣母之死》(DeathoftheVirgin1601-1606），卡拉瓦喬無視斯卡拉教堂的訂畫旨意，按照自己的生活體驗和美學原則執意創造了平民化后的圣母升天圖。看到如此南轅北轍的畫面，對方當然不買賬，此舉亦被當時主流所詬病。執拗的喬幫主仍舊堅持現實主義的奧義，“灑家的目的就是寫實地批判，管你買還是不買”。

05.卡拉瓦喬經典作品《以馬忤斯的晚餐》（SupperatEmmaus1601），話說《圣經》中描述過許多超自然的事件，比如耶穌復活。本作品即以該背景為藍本展開創作，喬哥卻將戲劇性訴諸于畫布上：幾位圣徒正在吃飯，席間猛然發現斯人已去的耶穌竟端坐其中。想來若當時膠片電影已大行其道，那么卡拉瓦喬定是位出色的導演加編劇。

06.《手提歌利亞頭顱的大衛》（DavidwiththeHeadofGoliath1609-1610）。1608年卡拉瓦喬因殺害了所在幫派（騎士團）的資深大哥，再次被關入獄。聰明如他，喬幫主將故事中被斬首的歌利亞畫成了自己，贈予騎士團長以獲取赦免。事實證明，耽畫是福，這一次，騎士團長收了畫，釋放了喬幫主。

07.《算命者》（TheFortune-Teller1598-1599）喬兄早期作品。那時他尚未出名，囊中羞澀請不起模特的卡拉瓦喬總以市井小民為題材，創作了不少風俗畫。

08.《詐賭者》（TheCardsharps1594）。喬哥擅長定格瞬間，通過捕獲觀者的視覺敏感神經創造畫面美感。