國際科技信息

國際科技信息

德班大會(huì)閉幕決定實(shí)施京都議定書第2承諾期

經(jīng)過近兩周“馬拉松式”的談判，《聯(lián)合國氣候變化框架公約》第17次締約方會(huì)議暨《京都議定書》第7次締約方會(huì)議當(dāng)?shù)貢r(shí)間12月11日凌晨在南非德班閉幕，大會(huì)通過決議，建立德班增強(qiáng)行動(dòng)平臺(tái)特設(shè)工作組，決定實(shí)施《京都議定書》第二承諾期并啟動(dòng)綠色氣候基金。

大會(huì)原定于9日晚閉幕，但由于各方對(duì)部分焦點(diǎn)問題分歧嚴(yán)重，爭執(zhí)不下，最后將談判拖入“加時(shí)賽”。最終，大會(huì)通過了《議定書》工作組和《公約》之下的“長期合作行動(dòng)特設(shè)工作組”的決議，宣布繼續(xù)《議定書》第二承諾期，從2013年開始實(shí)施。

大會(huì)還決定，建立德班增強(qiáng)行動(dòng)平臺(tái)特設(shè)工作組，并將于2012年上半年投入工作，不晚于2015年制定一個(gè)適用于所有《公約》締約方的法律工具或法律成果，降低溫室氣體排放。與此同時(shí)，綠色氣候基金正式在德班啟動(dòng)。

本屆大會(huì)主席、南非國際關(guān)系合作部部長馬沙巴內(nèi)宣布會(huì)議閉幕。

德班氣候大會(huì)于11月28日開幕，共有來自世界約200個(gè)國家和機(jī)構(gòu)的代表參會(huì)。

Durban conference concludes

U nited Nations climate change conference concludes sunday in Durban, the second largest city in South Africa.

The Chinese delegation says that the conference has produced progressive and balanced outcome.

China Report has their words.

After 14 days of gruelling talks, the conference passed a package of decisions on subjects including the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, the Green Climate Fund and a new process to arrange emission-cut pledges after 2020.

Xie Zhenhua, head of the Chinese delegation, says the outcome is fully in accordance with the mandate of the UN Framework Convention of Climate Change(UNFCCC), the Kyoto Protocol and the Bali Roadmap.

Xie notes that the conference has made decisions on the arrangement of the second commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol, which is the most concerned issue of developing countries.

Also, there is an important progress on the fi nance issue, the establishment of the Green Climate Fund, which can benefit the developing countries with fi nancial support.

SOUNDBITE XIE ZHENHUA,HEAD OF CHINESE DELEGATION

We all sustain the decisions passed in the conference. The outcomes prove the effectiveness of the multilateral mechanism tackling with climate change.All the countries should abide by the decisions, implement the convention, and fulfill their commitments, as well as take actions actively in order to get substantial results of the global endeavor.

However, Xie said, the Durban conference did not accomplish the completion of negotiations under the Bali Roadmap.

The implementation of the Cancun Agreements and the Durban Outcome will not be achieved in a short run. A heavy load of work ahead on the post-2020 arrangement needs to be done in order to enhance the implementafton of the Convenfton.

Xie stressed that China will make further contributions to the global cause of tackling climate change by taking stronger domesftc actions and continuing to play an acftve role in relevant internaftonal talks.

第五屆世界科學(xué)論壇在布達(dá)佩斯舉行

第五屆世界科學(xué)論壇于11月17日至19日在匈牙利首都布達(dá)佩斯舉行。本屆科學(xué)論壇的主題為“變化中的科學(xué)－挑戰(zhàn)和機(jī)遇”。

全世界100多個(gè)國家的科學(xué)界代表參加了論壇。匈牙利總理和總統(tǒng)先后出席了會(huì)議。聯(lián)合國秘書長潘基文通過視頻向論壇致賀。國際空間站上的科學(xué)家向會(huì)議發(fā)表了視頻講話。

本次科學(xué)論壇廣泛地討論了科學(xué)對(duì)世界發(fā)展越來越大的影響和作用。會(huì)議指出，當(dāng)今科學(xué)面臨著巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。這些挑戰(zhàn)包括了人口增長，氣候變化，糧食供應(yīng)，能源短缺，自然災(zāi)害和技術(shù)災(zāi)害以及傳染病等。可持續(xù)發(fā)展需要全球科研機(jī)構(gòu)承擔(dān)起新的責(zé)任。論壇還注意到，北美、歐洲和日本這全球知識(shí)生產(chǎn)三強(qiáng)的主導(dǎo)地位已受到嚴(yán)重挑戰(zhàn)。伴隨著新的科學(xué)強(qiáng)國的崛起，出現(xiàn)一個(gè)新的多極化的科學(xué)世界。

這些科學(xué)強(qiáng)國現(xiàn)在不僅在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)中的表現(xiàn)突出，同時(shí)成為尖端研究和開發(fā)活動(dòng)的關(guān)鍵角色。論壇閉幕時(shí)發(fā)表了題為《全球科學(xué)新時(shí)代》的宣言。兩年一次的世界科學(xué)論壇由匈牙利科學(xué)院、UNESCO和ICSU共同舉辦。地點(diǎn)設(shè)在布達(dá)佩斯。

The Changing Landscape of Science: Challenges and Opportunities

The fi rst plenary session of the World Science Forum 2011 held in Budapest for the fifth time focused on changes in the global landscape of science.These phenomena are comprehensive involving both geographical and poliftcal re-structuring, the emergence of new fi elds of science as well as the general growth in the social role, signifi cance, and responsibility of science.Speakers of the session chaired by József Pálinkás, president of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences talked about the challenges and opportunities generated by a changing world of science.

Gretchen Kalonji, Assistant Director-General of Natural Sciences of UNESCO, raised awareness on three different issues including climate change,human related issues, and the world economic crisis. The UNESCO Science Report 2010 is available online and its key topic is the emergence of new players and the importance of international collaborations. There is a blurring between science and engineering nowadays. The relationship between science and society needs to be reformed and regenerated,forging new internaftonal alliances and opening new funding opportunities. Science attracts diff erent people and welcomes the interest of all members of UNESCO said Ms Kalonji.

The pursuit of scientific discovery has an enormous impact on our society, said William Colglaizer, Science and Technology Adviser to US Secretary of State Ms Hillary Clinton. He analysed the situation in the US where science is pursued in an innovative way and incorporated in everyday life through the mass media offerring a great adventure to the public.Science and technology are present and aff ect everyone's life. Countries are aiming to involve world leaders to parftcipate in science innovafton and sustainability. Science has been proven to be a great diplomatic tool and the common language between different cultures.As an example Mr Colglazier mentioned the situation between the US and the USSR. The two countries resolved their issues by communicating through scientific channels and presently they are forming a scientific alliance to resolve situaftons in other countries around the world. The values and ethics of doing science can be a source for future optimism and positive changes in attitudes. The spread of the scientific spirit has changed the worldview of ordinary people's lives as well as those of the decision makers.

Sir Chris Llewellyn Smith FRS, Chair of the Royal Society Advisory Group on global science report examined the importance of international scientific collaborations. He shed some light on the changes in publicafton trends. By 2013, he predicted,China will be a world leader in peerreviewed publicaftons. China is also rising in citafton trends and in the not too distant future it will be the second in the world only to the US. Changes are also happening in patents registration but Japan and Germany are still in the lead.International collaborations have risen in the past fifteen years by 35% (25% before) and the reasons are quality, effi ciency and necessity.Important collaborators are the US followed by the UK, Germany,and France. China is emerging,having finished the publication of its fi rst generafton scienftfi c papers,collaboration and referencing are taking place now. The benefits of joint authorship are that only the best people are invited for international collaborations,which creates better value as an outcome. There are three steps to take to commence international collaboration, said Sir Llewellyn Smith. The first step is identifying the problems,followed by partnering with the right professionals resulting in combining forces and delivering the right soluftons for the common good. Global scienftfi c collaborafton should be fostered to have government, science, and society work together.

歐、美、日合作推進(jìn)電動(dòng)汽車國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

11月17日，歐盟、美國和日本一致同意加快推動(dòng)電動(dòng)汽車國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的制定和應(yīng)用，并在聯(lián)合國世界車輛法規(guī)協(xié)調(diào)論壇（UN/WP29）框架下密切合作，促進(jìn)全球電動(dòng)汽車相關(guān)技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)范的協(xié)調(diào)一致。

UN/WP29是負(fù)責(zé)國際汽車技術(shù)法規(guī)的協(xié)調(diào)與統(tǒng)一的權(quán)威組織，美國、歐盟、日本、俄羅斯、中國、韓國、印度等均為該組織《1998年協(xié)定書》的締約方。

此次歐盟委員會(huì)、美國國家公路交通安全管理局、美國環(huán)保署和日本國土交通省聯(lián)合提出合作協(xié)議，建議在UN/WP29下成立兩個(gè)關(guān)于電動(dòng)汽車的非正式工作組。一個(gè)工作組負(fù)責(zé)電動(dòng)汽車及其零配件安全方面的問題，包括電池安全性能、電擊防護(hù)以及充電安全等，另一工作組負(fù)責(zé)與電動(dòng)汽車有關(guān)的環(huán)境和法規(guī)問題。兩個(gè)工作組將就有關(guān)電動(dòng)汽車規(guī)范方面的信息進(jìn)行溝通，加強(qiáng)協(xié)調(diào)，并努力推動(dòng)制定全球電動(dòng)汽車技術(shù)規(guī)范的共同標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。這兩個(gè)工作組還將向包括中國和印度在內(nèi)的UN/WP29相關(guān)協(xié)議締約方開放。

歐盟委員會(huì)指出，目前全球電動(dòng)汽車產(chǎn)量較低，歐美日三方達(dá)成上述協(xié)議，有利于加快電動(dòng)汽車的大規(guī)模推廣應(yīng)用，降低電動(dòng)汽車制造成本。

此外，三方合作為規(guī)范電動(dòng)汽車的共同技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提供了難得的機(jī)會(huì)。歐盟委員會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)工業(yè)事務(wù)的副主席安東尼奧·塔亞尼說：“這項(xiàng)合作是在電動(dòng)汽車的開發(fā)和推廣道路上邁出的關(guān)鍵一步，有利于提升電動(dòng)汽車的市場潛力和競爭力，有助于道路交通運(yùn)輸?shù)目沙掷m(xù)發(fā)展。”

EU/US/Japan : Electric vehicles:Agreement on regulatory cooperation

On 17 November in Geneva, Switzerland, an international agreement was signed between the EU, the US and Japan, which agreed to closely cooperate on convergence of regulatory obligations related to electric vehicles. Taking into account that the rules for electromobility technologies are currently being developed on both sides of the Atlantic and in Asia, the cooperation is particularly interesting as it offers a unique opportunity to develop common approaches, notes the European Commission in a communication. This will lead to cost savings through economies of scale for automotive manufacturers.

T he agreement was signed as part of the World Forum for Harmonisation of Vehicle Regulaftons, also known as Working Party 29 (WP.29),which operates under the United Naftons Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). It defi nes a large number of vehicle regulations,covering safety and environmental requirements for cars and other vehicles. The aim of the forum is to promote harmonised technical requirements, which reduce development costs and avoid duplication of administrative procedures for industry and therefore contribute to economic efficiency and lower costs for consumers and society.

T w o informal working groups on electric vehicles will be set up;the initiative was taken by the European Commission.These are: the Naftonal Highway Traffic Safety Administration(NHTSA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the US and the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure,Transport and Tourism of Japan.The working groups are indeed open to all countries that are contracftng parftes to the relevant UN agreement, including India and China. The fi rst group will address the safety aspects of electric vehicles and their components,including the battery. It will cover the safety of occupants against electric shocks in-use, while recharging as well as after an accident. The second group will focus on environmental aspects of regulations applied to electric vehicles.

The aim of both groups is to exchange information on current and future regulatory initiatives in this field, to avoid unnecessary differences between regulatory approaches and, where possible,develop common requirements in the form of a global technical regulafton (GTR).

European Commission Vice-President Antonio Tajani,responsible for industry and entrepreneurship, said: “This is a crucial step towards the development and reach-out of electric cars. The regulatory cooperation agreement will help to increase the market potential for this important breakthrough technology, contributing to competitiveness and a more sustainable road transport”.

加拿大科技政策反思：經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的直接動(dòng)力來自創(chuàng)新而非科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)

近一段時(shí)間以來，加拿大在反思國家科技政策的得失，獲得的一條重要結(jié)論認(rèn)為，推動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展的直接動(dòng)力來自于創(chuàng)新而非科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)。11月21日，加拿大《環(huán)球郵報(bào)》刊登多倫多大學(xué)羅特曼管理學(xué)院院長羅杰·馬丁的文章，直指加拿大研發(fā)鏈條的缺失，認(rèn)為加拿大的科技政策重心應(yīng)該轉(zhuǎn)移到創(chuàng)新上，而非長期以來放在科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)和發(fā)明上。

文章認(rèn)為，蘋果公司創(chuàng)始人喬布斯過世后，很多紀(jì)念文章都認(rèn)為蘋果的成功在于持續(xù)的技術(shù)創(chuàng)新，不斷推出廣受用戶喜歡的新產(chǎn)品，無論是iPod、iPhone或iPad，在技術(shù)創(chuàng)新上達(dá)到了非常高的水平。但很多人沒有注意到的一點(diǎn)是，蘋果公司并沒有產(chǎn)生任何科學(xué)上有重要意義的發(fā)明或發(fā)現(xiàn)，諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)也不會(huì)光顧蘋果或谷歌公司的技術(shù)創(chuàng)新成就。蘋果擁有眾多的技術(shù)專利，但并不擁有貝爾公司那樣的基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)研究型機(jī)構(gòu)。進(jìn)一步分析表明，蘋果或谷歌獲得的技術(shù)，很少來自于一流的研究型大學(xué)，像哈佛、耶魯或者牛津等，多數(shù)技術(shù)來自兼并一些創(chuàng)新型的小公司或者交叉使用其他公司的專利池。一般一流大學(xué)專注于新的發(fā)現(xiàn)和發(fā)明，對(duì)于技術(shù)發(fā)展過程中的創(chuàng)新則不太關(guān)注，認(rèn)為應(yīng)該交由技術(shù)人員去完善。回顧歷史，世界一流大學(xué)對(duì)于計(jì)算機(jī)發(fā)明、二進(jìn)制計(jì)算機(jī)語言編碼、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的TCP/IP等帶有重大科學(xué)意義的發(fā)明和發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)揮出關(guān)鍵性的作用，幾乎重大的發(fā)明都是由大學(xué)完成的。但是，像微機(jī)上的鼠標(biāo)、iPod上采用iTunes技術(shù)、iPhone上采用App Store（應(yīng)用軟件庫）以及平板電腦等，都不是大學(xué)研發(fā)的成果，而是企業(yè)創(chuàng)新的結(jié)晶。蘋果獲得的成功很大部分來自于產(chǎn)生這些技術(shù)的新概念和將新概念付諸創(chuàng)新的持續(xù)不斷的努力。這些新概念的產(chǎn)生必須要對(duì)市場、對(duì)用戶需求、消費(fèi)理念以至文化傳統(tǒng)有深入了解才能得到，而這些并非是一流大學(xué)擅長科學(xué)發(fā)明和發(fā)現(xiàn)的優(yōu)勢(shì)和強(qiáng)項(xiàng)。文章認(rèn)為，對(duì)于重大科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)和發(fā)明，很多世界一流的研發(fā)機(jī)構(gòu)都參與了研究，獲得的成果全世界都可以分享。但是，技術(shù)創(chuàng)新取得的成功卻只有擁有技術(shù)專利的少數(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)獨(dú)享，將大量參與研究的很多大學(xué)和研究機(jī)構(gòu)摒棄在外。科學(xué)發(fā)明或發(fā)現(xiàn)的大學(xué)并不意味著所在國必定會(huì)在技術(shù)創(chuàng)新上領(lǐng)先世界，“墻內(nèi)開花墻外香”的例子比比皆是。反觀技術(shù)創(chuàng)新能力強(qiáng)的企業(yè)，無論技術(shù)是通過并購獲得的還是交叉池得到的，都會(huì)讓“肉爛在自己的鍋里”，不會(huì)拱手與別人分享。長期以來，加拿大比較重視大學(xué)在科技創(chuàng)新中的作用，眾多的國家資源都流向大學(xué)的研究開發(fā)，可惜結(jié)果卻是，很多大學(xué)研究結(jié)果和技術(shù)型小公司的創(chuàng)新成果都被美國大公司以低價(jià)買斷，以致加拿大本應(yīng)獲得的創(chuàng)新利益和市場占有率，都讓美國公司拿走了。對(duì)此，加拿大應(yīng)該反思本國的科技政策導(dǎo)向。

Canada, like Steve Jobs, should zero in on innovation (Excerpt)

ROGER MARTIN

Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto

In the wake of the tragically premature demise of Steve Jobs, it seems appropriate to ask: What can Canada learn about innovafton from the career of Steve Jobs? I think there are two important lessons that we could take away.

The first lesson is that commercial success and impact is more about innovation than about invention. Invention is the creation of some newto-the-world technology, molecule, material, or formula. It is typically the product of the curiosity of a scienftst. It can be prefty earth-shaftering when it is electricity or insulin. But it can be prefty irrelevant when it is a technology in search of a user.

The second lesson is that successful innovation actually means trying things that are unproven – optimally that have never been tried before. Apple’s biggest successes derived from doing posiftvely unproven things –like controlling a PC with a mouse,like twinning iPod with iTunes,like twinning iPhone with the App Store, like creaftng the tablet. Apple couldn’t analyze and benchmark the success of somebody else who had done these things already to demonstrate that the idea would succeed. Apple had no chance of knowing that they were going to have absolute smash hits on their hands. That is what is required for innovafton – otherwise they would call it something else, replication perhaps.

What would Canadian governments do if they took these two lessons to heart?

First, they would recognize that they have invested enough in invention. There is nothing whatsoever to suggest that pushing harder on the governmentfunded invention button is going to produce more innovation in Canada. Our government investment in R&D is already higher(adjusted for country size) than that of the United States, despite the U.S.being 15-per-cent richer than we are.

Second, they would commit to innovation in innovation policy. Rather than innovate,Canadian innovation policy pretty much benchmarks what is done elsewhere, and does it here. If the National Institutes of Health in the U.S. appears to be a success,then we restructure the Medical Research Council to become the Canadian Institutes for Health Research. If other jurisdicftons have Centres of Excellence, then we decide to have some of those too.If Israel has a Chief Scienftst, we get one of those too. And we operate them all as close to the success models elsewhere as possible.

Let’s remember that some of the most eff ecftve policy moves Canada has ever made were unique– they were actually innovaftve, like creaftng naftonal parks, establishing socialized health care, indexing tax brackets to combat bracket creep and setting strict inflation targets to guide monetary policy. We didn’t benchmark and replicate;others were left to do that while we prospered based on the policy innovafton.

So let’s do something unique that is in keeping with a century that is going to be more about innovafton than we have ever seen.With global competition and lowcost jurisdictions like China, India and Brazil more quickly than ever before replicaftng and producing at lower costs everything we do, we need to be an innovation nation.Let’s become the fi rst nafton on the planet to have universal educafton in innovation by explicitly and clearly teaching innovation in the primary and secondary school system.

If it seems farfetched and undoable, think again.One particularly clever nation,Singapore, is currently piloting secondary school innovation pedagogy – designed and taught by Canadians from the Rotman School of Management. We can create an innovafton nafton, if we take a couple of lessons from Steve Jobs.

最先進(jìn)的生物安全試驗(yàn)室在澳大利亞啟動(dòng)

11月18日，世界上最先進(jìn)的生物安全試驗(yàn)室（The world's most advanced biosecure laboratory）－AAHL合作型生物安全研究設(shè)施【AAHL Collaborative Biosecurity Research Facility (ACBRF)】在澳大利亞聯(lián)邦科工組織（CSIRO）的澳大利亞動(dòng)物健康試驗(yàn)室（AAHL）正式啟用。

該中心是在具有生物病毒物理防護(hù)PC4級(jí)水平的AAHL的基礎(chǔ)上建設(shè)，并得到了聯(lián)邦政府850萬澳元的支持，達(dá)到世界上最高等級(jí)的生物防護(hù)水平（highest levels of biological containment.），它為澳大利亞與各國科學(xué)家針對(duì)人類、動(dòng)物以及農(nóng)作物所面臨的各種生物威脅進(jìn)行科學(xué)研究提供了平臺(tái)。就人類健康而言，生物學(xué)安全方法（One Health approach）越發(fā)重要，因?yàn)楦鞣N新生的人類疾病有70%最先是來自動(dòng)物，包括亨德拉（Hendra）、禽流感和SARS等，人畜共患病更為常見。

澳大利亞動(dòng)物健康試驗(yàn)室是世界上著名的動(dòng)物生物學(xué)研究機(jī)構(gòu)，聯(lián)邦政府投資超過5億澳元，它與澳大利亞微復(fù)制與微分析研究設(shè)施（Australian Microscopy and Microanalysis Research Facility）合作密切，能夠從事感染性疾病的基礎(chǔ)性研究和其它復(fù)雜的生物學(xué)研究。

各國科學(xué)家可以利用該機(jī)構(gòu)最好的感染性微生物的生物防護(hù)設(shè)施－PC3級(jí)和PC4級(jí)試驗(yàn)室從事多項(xiàng)工作，包括：

1、科研課題合作；

2、進(jìn)行生物防護(hù)培訓(xùn)（Biocontainment training）

3、應(yīng)用生物安全微復(fù)制設(shè)施（Biosecurity Microscopy Facility）等。

Specialised biocontainment facilities: enabling world-class research

The AAHL Collaborative Biosecurity Research Facility(ACBRF) is a shared resource dedicated to research on infecftous diseases that affect the health of humans, domestic animals and wildlife.

It provides advanced technology and infrastructure for scienftsts undertaking research that requires a laboratory environment with high biosecurity.

It provides researchers from Australia and overseas with access to AAHL's physical containment level three (PC3) and four (PC4)laboratories

Currently the ACBRF offers access to:

physical containment level three (PC3) space, enabling work with exotic pathogens affecting animals and humans

specialist microscopy services and equipment within the PC3 environment, available through the AAHL Biosecurity Microscopy Facility (ABMF)

a dedicated PC3/PC4 training area

an insect-proof large animal room within the PC3 environment,enabling work with large animals –such as ruminants and marsupials –and insect-borne pathogens

additional specialised PC3 faciliftes, including an insectary and associated laboratories

PC4 space, including small animal facilities and an insectary,enabling work with the most hazardous pathogens affecting animals and humans

advanced microscopy equipment within the PC4 environment.

The Australian Government has provided $8.5 million for the construction of the AAHL Collaborative Biosecurity Research Facility through the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS),under the Networked Biosecurity Framework capability.

Biocontainment training

Training is an important component of accessing the ACBRF.

The ACBRF offers a training facility to help visiting scientists gain experience and confidence working in condiftons that mirror a high biocontainment environment.

The 60 square metre facility includes fully encapsulated suits,simulated chemical showers and laboratory equipment to closely mimic the actual PC3 and PC4 environments.

The training area is designed to avoid the distractions, delays,and most importantly, the risks associated with early training in an active workspace. This allows training and competency assessment to be carried out safely and ftmely.

AAHL Biosecurity Microscopy Facility

Incorporated within the ACBRF, the AAHL Biosecurity Microscopy Facility (ABMF) is a specialist microscopy service and a Linked Laboratory of the Australian Microscopy & Microanalysis Research Facility (AMMRF).

The ABMF is available to the Australian and international research fraternity. It is a national facility for diagnosftcs and research specialising in identification and characterisation of viruses, and microscopy of infecftous diseases.

Offering microscopy facilities within a microbiologically secure environment, the ABMF enables fundamental research with infectious disease agents that require the highest levels of containment.

人類首次探索紅色星球之旅

2011年11月4日，人類首次“火星之旅”地面模擬試驗(yàn)“火星-500”圓滿結(jié)束。來自中、俄、法、意等國的6名志愿者圓滿完成試驗(yàn)任務(wù)，順利走出模擬飛船，回到“地球家園”。該試驗(yàn)于2010年6月3日開始，歷時(shí)520天，前250天模擬飛往火星、中間30天登陸火星、最后240天返回地球。志愿者模擬飛往火星、環(huán)繞火星、登陸火星和返回地球等全過程。

模擬登陸火星項(xiàng)目整體經(jīng)歷了三個(gè)階段，前兩個(gè)階段已經(jīng)分別在2007年和2009年結(jié)束，大部分經(jīng)費(fèi)由俄羅斯航天署和俄羅斯科學(xué)院支持。“火星－500”為第三階段，模擬飛行試驗(yàn)任務(wù)從2010年6月3日開始，至2011年11月4日結(jié)束。項(xiàng)目具體任務(wù)由俄羅斯科學(xué)院生物醫(yī)學(xué)研究所執(zhí)行，得到歐空局的資助。“火星-500”項(xiàng)目耗資1500萬歐元，其中包括給予每位志愿者10萬美元的一次性獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。

“火星-500”試驗(yàn)是由俄羅斯組織、多國參與的人類首次載人登陸火星地面模擬實(shí)驗(yàn)。這次試驗(yàn)是一個(gè)巨大的成功，是證明了登陸火星是可能的。正如項(xiàng)目執(zhí)行單位俄羅斯科學(xué)院生物醫(yī)學(xué)研究所副所長、“火星-500”主要負(fù)責(zé)人別拉科夫斯基指出：在“火星-500”任務(wù)中，人們?cè)诘厍蛏蠈?shí)現(xiàn)了有史以來的最長久的模擬試驗(yàn)太空飛行。據(jù)此，人類有一天或許可以在一個(gè)遙遠(yuǎn)但可以到達(dá)的星球上迎接新的曙光。”

進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)?zāi)康氖翘剿鳌叭伺c環(huán)境”相互作用，了解長期密閉環(huán)境下乘組人員健康狀態(tài)及工作能力狀況。其中包括了解宇航員在飛往火星過程中的心理和生理狀態(tài)，行為能力等可能出現(xiàn)的各種問題，特別是獲取超長時(shí)間飛行、資源供給、無法實(shí)施身體及心理特殊治療等條件下的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)，為將來載人飛行探測火星積累經(jīng)驗(yàn)和實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)。

“火星-500”試驗(yàn)任務(wù)由6名志愿者共同參與完成，志愿者的飲食起居完全模擬太空生活，并體驗(yàn)了飛往火星、著陸火星和返回地球的全過程。參與執(zhí)行該項(xiàng)目的俄羅斯專家們對(duì)6名志愿者的工作均給予了極高的評(píng)價(jià)。俄羅斯專家指出，在長達(dá)520天的時(shí)間里，生活在狹小密閉的空間，對(duì)人的生理和心理都是嚴(yán)峻的考驗(yàn)和挑戰(zhàn)。他們不負(fù)眾望，經(jīng)受住了長時(shí)間與世隔絕的生活，忍受住了極大的心理壓力，沉著應(yīng)對(duì)了各種突發(fā)情況，最終圓滿的完成了實(shí)驗(yàn)任務(wù)。志愿者每人都參與科學(xué)試驗(yàn)，共計(jì)完成106項(xiàng)科學(xué)計(jì)劃。整個(gè)試驗(yàn)所需資源要求一次裝備到位，中間不再補(bǔ)給。這對(duì)長期飛行所需的運(yùn)載配給能力也是巨大考驗(yàn)，例如食品要求保質(zhì)期至少兩年以上。通訊延時(shí)40分鐘，影響到通訊方式改變，也是對(duì)信息傳輸能力的考驗(yàn)。6名志愿者出艙后，還將進(jìn)入檢疫階段，接受全面系統(tǒng)的醫(yī)學(xué)檢查，檢查結(jié)果將作為研究依據(jù)，繼續(xù)為人類登陸火星研究提供幫助。

“火星-500”試驗(yàn)項(xiàng)目被科學(xué)界譽(yù)為“把人類對(duì)于火星乃至對(duì)于人類自身的探索向前推進(jìn)了一大步”。其重要意義在于探測研究“載人”航天器往返火星，是為了讓人類航天員真正踏足火星，比人類此前僅限于向火星發(fā)射探測器的探測活動(dòng)前進(jìn)了一大步。其意義就像幾十年前，阿姆斯特朗在月球上邁出那“人類一大步”。鑒于火星模擬飛行實(shí)驗(yàn)的成功，俄專家表示，有望在兩三年后將火星模擬飛行試驗(yàn)中的部分成果運(yùn)用到國際空間站的工作和試驗(yàn)中，而人類實(shí)際飛向火星可能在2030年前后得以實(shí)現(xiàn)。

Mars 500 experiment successfully completed: hatches opened, the crew is back on Earth

A year and a half has passed since the astronauts of Mars-500 virtually left the Earth, headed to the Red Planet. Over 520 days,Frenchman Romain Charles, Italian-Colombian Diego Urbina, Wang Yu of China, and Russians Alexander Smoleevsky, Sukhrob Kamolov, and Commander Alexei Sitev, simulated all aspects of spaceflight while remaining solidly attached to the hangars of the Russian Insfttute for Biomedical Problems in Moscow.

The simulation, designed to test the psychological and physical reactions of astronauts during a hypothetical trip to Mars, ended Nov. 4 with the virtual re-entry to Earth. After emerging from their capsule, the parftcipants appeared pale and thin, but smiling.

“It’s a unique project,” said Boris Morukov, the director of the experiment. “The results are beyond satisfying, although we’ll have to wait several months before we can publish the official data.But, there’s no real need to hurry,”he joked, “Since it will be another 20 years before we reach the real Mars. Nevertheless, after this experience we feel a liftle closer to the Red Planet.”

The crew remained isolated from the rest of the world for 17 months, breathing artificial air, rarely bathing, and eating mostly freeze-dried food. They were allowed occasional brief communications with scientists and family members, which were received with a “space” delay of 40 minutes.The participants underwent daily tests, but spent most of their time exercising,reading books and studying foreign languages. Chinese, however,remained a “mission impossible.”O(jiān)ur colleague Wang Yu tried in every way to teach us Chinese,”said Alexander Smoleevsky. “It was a complete failure.”

Despite some ups and downs,there were no serious problems among the roommates. “Being together with people of different languages and cultures made the cohabitation easier,” said the youngest member of the group,Diego Urbina. “Days passed prefty much the same way: We worked eight hours a day. After the first morning tests, we had breakfast together and then usually started the experiments. In our free time we read or played videogames.”

Even after their virtual reentry to Earth, the participants continue to look with much curiosity toward the planet they visited, if for now only virtually.“We’ll have to wait many years before mankind can land on Mars,”concluded Romain Charles. “But with this experience we took great steps forward. This planet is now much closer to Earth than it seemed before.”