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末日狂想:世界滅亡的N種方式

2012-04-29 00:00:00
新東方英語·中學(xué)版 2012年12期

雖然2012并非世界末日,但是誰又能保證地球永世長存?隨著科技的發(fā)展,人類利用自己的偉大智慧探索神秘莫測的宇宙黑洞、天體運(yùn)動,研制出極具毀滅性的核武器、無所不能的機(jī)器人以及方便快捷的交通工具等高科技產(chǎn)品,卻也給自然界帶來了溫室效應(yīng)、水土流失、生物多樣性喪失,造成海嘯、泥石流等諸多災(zāi)害頻發(fā)。或許某一天,世界真的就會因此而滅亡……

Black Holes 黑洞

Stars collapse on an almost daily basis. When a massive star collapses, it produces an immense gravitational pull along the way, drawing everything in its path—including light—toward its core, like a giant vacuum cleaner from which there's no escape. While black holes sit at the center of most galaxies, including our own, the real danger comes from a discovery made in the year 2000. \"We now have conclusive evidence,\" physicist Michio Kaku told ABC News, \"that there are wandering black holes—nomads1), renegades2)—and right next to us in our own galaxy.\" How long until one of these nomads bumps into Earth? No one is sure, and it's a big universe, but everyone agrees that it's going to happen sooner or later.

幾乎每天都有恒星坍縮。大質(zhì)量恒星坍縮過程中會產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)大的引力,猶如一個(gè)巨大的真空吸塵器將軌道沿途的一切物體(包括光)吸入核心,無物可逃脫。坍縮形成的“黑洞”位于大多數(shù)星系(包括我們所在的銀河系)的中心區(qū)域,并不會對我們構(gòu)成危險(xiǎn),而2000年的一項(xiàng)發(fā)現(xiàn)則說明了真正的危險(xiǎn)是什么。“現(xiàn)在我們有確鑿證據(jù)表明,”物理學(xué)家加來道雄在接受美國廣播公司新聞網(wǎng)的采訪時(shí)說,“我們所在的銀河系存在著‘流浪黑洞’,它們不守規(guī)矩、四處游蕩,而且就在地球的近旁。”這些“流浪黑洞”哪天會撞上地球?宇宙浩瀚,無人得知,但我們都認(rèn)為,那一天遲早會來。

Nanotech 納米技術(shù)

What if the programming of billions of tiny self-replicating robots—nanobots—suddenly went awry3)? And instead of doing the job for which they were built, they started consuming all matter on Earth—while building more of themselves? In his 1986 book, Engines of Creation, nanotech pioneer Eric Drexler describes it this way: \"Imagine such a replicator floating in a bottle of chemicals, making copies of itself.... The first replicator assembles a copy in one thousand seconds, the two replicators then build two more in the next thousand seconds, the four build another four, and the eight build another eight. At the end of ten hours, there are not thirty-six new replicators, but over 68 billion. In less than a day, they would weigh a ton; in less than two days, they would outweigh Earth; in another four hours, they would exceed the mass of Sun and all the planets combined.\"

假如數(shù)十億具有自我復(fù)制功能的微型機(jī)器人——納米機(jī)器人——運(yùn)行程序突然出錯(cuò),結(jié)果將會如何?要是它們不再干它們該干的活兒,反而開始吞噬地球上的一切,同時(shí)制造出更多的同類,又會如何?納米技術(shù)的先驅(qū)埃里克·德雷克斯勒在其1986年出版的《造物引擎》一書中這樣寫道:“想象一下,這樣的一個(gè)納米機(jī)器人漂浮在一個(gè)盛著化學(xué)液體的瓶子里,不斷地自我復(fù)制……最初的這個(gè)納米機(jī)器人用1000秒制造出一個(gè)一模一樣的納米機(jī)器人,然后在接下來的1000秒,這兩個(gè)納米機(jī)器人又制造出兩個(gè)納米機(jī)器人,四個(gè)變成八個(gè),八個(gè)變成16個(gè)。十小時(shí)后,新生納米機(jī)器人的數(shù)量不是36個(gè),而是680多億個(gè)。不到一天,這些納米機(jī)器人的重量就將達(dá)到一噸;不到兩天,它們的重量就將超過地球;再過四個(gè)小時(shí),它們就會比太陽和太陽系所有行星加起來還要重。”

Supervolcano超級火山

Supervolcanoes are a bit like Mount Saint Helens on steroids4). The explosion of such a giant volcano would pump enough ash and sulfuric acid5) into the atmosphere to blot out6) the sun and bring on a sequel to the ice age—and no, we don't mean another one of those animated movies. Scientists calculate that 71,500 years ago, a Sumatran supervolcano exploded, plunging7) Earth into a decade-long volcanic winter, the effects of which reduced the total human population to less than 10,000 individuals. Worse, Sumatra's is just one of six known supervolcanoes. Another, the largest in the world, is at Yellowstone National Park. Unfortunately, scientists have discovered that Yellowstone's erupts roughly once every 600,000 years, with the last explosion occurring 630,000 years ago—meaning we're a little overdue.

超級火山有點(diǎn)類似于加強(qiáng)版的圣海倫斯火山。體型如此龐大的超級火山爆發(fā)后會向空中噴射大量火山灰和硫酸,塵埃遮天蔽日,地球又回到冰河時(shí)期——?jiǎng)e想錯(cuò)了,我們可不是在說那一系列動畫影片中的又一部。科學(xué)家們推測,7.15萬年前,蘇門答臘島的一座超級火山爆發(fā),地球由此陷入一個(gè)長達(dá)十年的“火山冬季”,致使世界總?cè)丝跀?shù)量銳減至不足一萬。更糟糕的是,蘇門答臘島的這座超級火山僅是已知的六座超級火山中的一座。另外一座(也是地球上最大的)超級火山位于美國的黃石國家公園。不幸的是,科學(xué)家們業(yè)已發(fā)現(xiàn),黃石公園的這座超級火山大約每隔60萬年就爆發(fā)一次,而上一次爆發(fā)是在63萬年前——也就是說,我們有些滯后了。

Loss of Biodiversity 生物多樣性喪失

Currently, life on Earth is dying as never before. One quarter of all mammals now face extinction, while 90 percent of the large fish are already gone. If present trends continue, one-half of Earth's animal species will have vanished within a hundred years. According to a warning issued by UN officials at the 2010 Convention on Biological Diversity, so dependent are humans on the services of plants and animals that unless this loss of biodiversity is halted, humans will likely join this list of extinctions.

目前,地球上的生物正以前所未有的速度走向滅亡。四分之一的哺乳動物正面臨滅絕危險(xiǎn),90%的大型魚類已經(jīng)滅絕。如果當(dāng)前趨勢繼續(xù)下去,不出100年,地球上一半的動物物種將消失殆盡。聯(lián)合國官員在2010年發(fā)布了《生物多樣性公約》,按照其中發(fā)出的一條警告,動植物是人類賴以生存的重要條件,如果不阻止生物多樣性的喪失,接下來滅絕的物種可能就是人類。

Alien Invasion 外星人入侵

It's a big universe and statistically we're probably not alone in it. So what happens if visitors from outer space do show up? Well, they could come in peace or they could be here sport hunting or wanting our resources or carrying diseases to which we have no immunity—each of which could spell doom for the human race. And if these advanced invaders treat us anything like humans treat other cultures—well, the prognosis8) is decidedly bad.

宇宙茫茫,從統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)上來講,人類可能并非獨(dú)客。如果真有天外來客到訪,將會發(fā)生什么?嗯,他們可能會和平到訪,也可能是來地球狩獵,或者圖謀我們的資源,再或者帶來人類無法免疫的疾病——上述三種情況中任何一種都可能讓人類遭受滅頂之災(zāi)。如果這些高級入侵者對待人類就像人類對待其他文明一樣,那么,后果顯然不堪設(shè)想。

Near-Earth Objects 近地天體

Ever since scientists figured out that it was the impact of an asteroid9) 10 kilometers wide that wiped out the dinosaurs, they've been hunting the skies for species-ending space rocks. An estimated 90 percent of these 3200-foot-long big boys have been found, although none pose immediate danger. But we've barely begun drawing our map of the smaller rocks and therein lies the real problem. In 1908, an asteroid less than 40 meters wide exploded over Siberia, leveling forests for hundreds of square miles. If that had happened above New York, well, goodbye Gotham10).

自從科學(xué)家們弄明白恐龍滅絕是因一個(gè)直徑一萬米的小行星撞擊地球后,他們便一直在尋找太空中那些能導(dǎo)致物種滅絕的天體。科學(xué)家們現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)找到了約90%的這種長達(dá)3200英尺(編注:約等于975.36米)的大個(gè)天體,不過沒有一個(gè)會立即給人類帶來危險(xiǎn)。然而,在較小天體分布圖的繪制方面,我們卻才剛剛起步,而這正是真正的問題所在。1908年,一顆直徑不到40米的小行星在西伯利亞上空爆炸,將數(shù)百平方英里的森林夷為平地。如果那次爆炸當(dāng)時(shí)發(fā)生在紐約上空,那么,別了,紐約。

1.nomad [?n??m?d] n. 流浪者

2.renegade [?ren?ɡe?d] n. 叛徒

3.go awry: (事)出岔子,失敗

4.on steroids: 以一種更強(qiáng)大或更極端的形式

5.sulfuric acid: 【化】硫酸

6.blot out: 遮蔽

7.plunge [pl?nd?] vt. 使突然陷入(或遭受) (into, in)

8.prognosis [pr?ɡ?n??s?s] n. 預(yù)測

9.asteroid [??st?r??d] n. 【天】小行星

10.Gotham [?ɡ?θ?m] n. <口> (美國)紐約市

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