The end of the world is near—December 21, 2012, to be exact—according to theories based on a purported2) ancient Maya prediction. But could humankind really meet its end in 2012—drowned in apocalyptic3) floods, walloped4) by a secret planet, seared5) by an angry sun, or thrown overboard by speeding continents? And did the ancient Maya—whose empire peaked between A.D. 250 and 900 in what is now Mexico and Central America—really predict the end of the world in 2012?
有關世界末日的種種說法都源于傳說中古瑪雅人的一個預言,按照這些說法,世界末日(確切來說是2012年12月21日)快到了。然而,人類真的會在2012年迎來末日——葬身洪水浩劫,遭神秘星球撞擊,被似火驕陽烤焦,或是被急速移動的大陸甩出?古瑪雅人的帝國(今墨西哥和中美洲地區)曾在公元250~900年間盛極一時,他們是否真的曾預言說世界末日就在2012年呢?
Myth
傳言1
Maya Predicted End of the World in 2012
瑪雅預言2012世界末日
The Maya calendar doesn't end in 2012, as some have said, and the ancients never viewed that year as the time of the end of the world, archaeologists say. But December 21, 2012 was nonetheless momentous to the Maya. \"It's the time when the largest grand cycle in the Mayan calendar—1,872,000 days or 5125.37 years—overturns and a new cycle begins,\" said Anthony Aveni, a Maya expert and archaeoastronomer at Colgate University in Hamilton, New York.
The Maya kept time on a scale few other cultures have considered. During the empire's heyday6), the Maya invented the Long Count7), a lengthy circular calendar. During the 2012 winter solstice, time runs out on the current era of the Long Count calendar, which began at what the Maya saw as the dawn of the last creation period: August 11, 3114 B.C. The Maya wrote that date as Day Zero.
In December 2012 the lengthy era ends and the complicated, cyclical8) calendar will roll over again to Day Zero, beginning another enormous cycle. \"The idea is that time gets renewed, that the world gets renewed all over again—often after a period of stress—the same way we renew time on New Year's Day or even on Monday morning,\" said Aveni.
考古學家們稱,瑪雅歷法并不像有些人所說的那樣止于2012年,而且古瑪雅人也從來沒有把2012年視為世界終結的時間。不過,對瑪雅人來說,2012年12月21日確實是個很重要的日子。“這天是瑪雅歷法中最長的大周期(187.2萬天或5125.37年)行進到頭而新周期開始的日子。”紐約州哈密爾頓市科爾蓋特大學的瑪雅研究專家和考古天文學家安東尼·阿韋尼如是說。
瑪雅人計時的方法鮮有其他文明想到過。在瑪雅帝國的鼎盛時期,瑪雅人發明了長計歷——一種周期特別長的循環歷法。當前長計歷的起始時間是公元前3114年8月11日(瑪雅人認為這一天是最后一個創世時期開始的日子),終止時間是2012年的冬至日(瑪雅人將這一天記為“零日”)。
在2012年12月,這個漫長的時期結束,錯綜復雜、循環往復的長計歷將再次運轉到“零日”,開始又一個大周期。“瑪雅人認為,既然時間要重頭計起,那么世界也會全部煥然一新。這種更迭輪回常常在歷經一段緊張時期后出現,就跟我們在元旦甚至周一清晨迎來全新開始是一樣的?!卑㈨f尼如是說。
Myth
傳言2
Breakaway Continents Will Destroy Civilization
大陸斷裂將毀滅地球文明
In some 2012 doomsday9) prophecies, Earth becomes a deathtrap as it undergoes a \"pole shift\". The planet's crust and mantle10) will suddenly shift, spinning around Earth's liquid-iron outer core like an orange's peel spinning around its fleshy fruit.
2012, the movie, envisions a Maya-predicted pole shift, triggered by an extreme gravitational pull on the planet—courtesy of a rare \"galactic alignment11)\"—and by massive solar radiation destabilizing the inner Earth by heating it. Breakaway oceans and continents dump cities into the sea, thrust palm trees to the poles, and spawn12) earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and other disasters.
Scientists dismiss such drastic13) scenarios14), but some researchers have speculated that a subtler shift could occur. Princeton University geologist Adam Maloof says magnetic evidence in rocks confirms that continents have undergone such drastic rearrangement, but the process took millions of years—slow enough that humanity wouldn't have felt the motion.
一些2012世界末日預言聲稱,地球會經歷一場“磁極轉換”,變成一個死亡之淵。屆時,地球的地殼和地幔會突然轉動起來,像一個橙子的外皮繞著它的果肉打轉那樣,繞著由液態鐵構成的地球外核不停地旋轉。
電影《2012》就設想了瑪雅預言中磁極轉換的場景。一種罕見的“銀河對齊”現象使地球受到極強的宇宙引力;同時,強烈的太陽輻射造成地心溫度升高,失去穩定。在這兩者的共同作用下,地球發生磁極轉換,海陸開裂導致城鎮被傾倒入海,棕櫚樹飛落兩極,地震、海嘯、火山爆發以及其他災害紛至沓來。
雖然科學家們否認地球會出現如此劇變,但是一些研究人員推測,地球可能會發生較為微弱的磁極轉換。來自普林斯頓大學的地質學家亞當·馬盧夫表示,巖石中的磁性跡象證明大陸確實曾經經歷過如此劇變,但該過程長達數百萬年,變化之緩,人類原本都不可能察覺得到。
Myth
傳言3
Galactic Alignment Spells Doom
銀河對齊預示世界末日
Some sky-watchers believe 2012 will close with a \"galactic alignment\", which will occur for the first time in 26,000 years. In this scenario, the path of the sun in the sky would appear to cross through what, from Earth, looks to be the midpoint of our galaxy, the Milky Way.
Some fear that the lineup will somehow expose Earth to powerful unknown galactic forces that will hasten its doom—perhaps through a \"pole shift\" or the stirring of the supermassive black hole at our galaxy's heart. Others see the purported event in a positive light, as heralding15) the dawn of a new era in human consciousness.
Morrison, senior scientist with the NASA Astrobiology Institute, has a different view. \"There is no 'galactic alignment' in 2012,\" he said, \"or at least nothing out of the ordinary.\" He explained that a type of \"alignment\" occurs during every winter solstice, when the sun, as seen from Earth, appears in the sky near what looks to be the midpoint of the Milky Way. Horoscope16) writers may be excited by alignments, Morrison said. But \"the reality is that alignments are of no interest to science. They mean nothing\". They create no changes in gravitational pull, solar radiation, planetary orbits, or anything else that would impact life on Earth.
一些天文觀測者認為,2012年年底將會上演 “銀河對齊”,這將是2.6萬年來該奇觀首次出現。屆時,太陽在天空中的運行軌跡似乎會穿過銀河系的中點——從地球這里看去正位于我們所處的銀河系的正中央。
有些人擔心,銀河對齊將會以某種方式(可能是“磁極轉換”或是銀河系中心超大質量黑洞活動)使地球遭受強大而未知的星系作用力,從而加快地球的滅亡。而其他人則對傳言的“銀河對齊”持積極看法,認為這預示著人類意識中新紀元的來臨。
美國國家宇航局天體生物學研究所資深科學家莫里森對此有不同看法?!?012年不會出現所謂的‘銀河對齊’,”他說,“或者至少不會出現任何反?,F象。”他解釋說,每年冬至日都會出現某種“對齊”現象,這時從地球上看,太陽在空中看起來像是位于銀河的中點附近。莫里森說,星象專家或許會對各種對齊現象饒有興趣,但“實際上,這些對齊現象沒有科學價值,沒有任何意義”。它們不會導致宇宙引力、太陽輻射、行星軌道或其他一切會影響地球上生命的因素發生任何變化。
Myth
傳言4
Planet X Is on a Collision Course with Earth
未知行星X將撞擊地球
Some say it's out there: a mysterious Planet X on a collision course with Earth—or at least a disruptive flyby. A direct hit would obliterate17) Earth, it's said. Even a near miss, some fear, could shower Earth with deadly asteroid impacts hurled our way by the planet's gravitational wake.
Could such an unknown planet really be headed our way in 2012, even just a little bit? Well, no. \"There is no object out there,\" Morrison said. \"That's probably the most straightforward thing to say.\" \"If there were a planet or a brown dwarf18) or whatever that was going to be in the inner solar system, astronomers would have been studying it for the past decade and it would be visible to the naked eye by now,\" Morrison said. \"It's not there.\"
有些人聲稱外太空有一顆神秘行星X正在撞向地球——或者起碼也是擦肩而過,造成破壞。據說,行星迎頭撞上地球,地球將會灰飛煙滅。有些人擔心,即便這顆行星與地球擦肩而過,受其引力影響尾隨其后的小行星會向地球襲來,使地球遭受致命的撞擊。
2012年是否真有這樣一顆未知行星正在沖向地球,哪怕只是一顆很小的行星?答案是:沒有。“外太空沒有這樣的天體,”莫里森說,“這說起來可能是再簡單明了不過的事了。”“如果真有這樣一顆行星或者褐矮星或者其他天體闖入太陽系內部,那么天文學家這十年來早就在研究它了,現在用肉眼也就能看得到了,” 莫里森說,“根本就沒這種天體?!?/p>
Myth
傳言5
Solar Storms to Savage Earth
太陽風暴將摧毀地球
In some 2012 disaster scenarios, our own sun is the enemy. Our friendly neighborhood star, it's rumored, will produce lethal19) eruptions of solar flares20), turning up the heat on Earthlings. Solar activity waxes and wanes21) according to approximately 11-year cycles. Big flares can indeed damage communications and other Earthly systems, but scientists have no indications the sun, at least in the short term, will unleash storms strong enough to fry the planet.
\"As it turns out the sun isn't on schedule anyway,\" Morrison said. \"We expect that this cycle probably won't peak in 2012 but a year or two later.\"
電影《2012》的一些災難場景中,我們的太陽成了我們的敵人。有傳言說,這顆與我們睦鄰友好的恒星將爆發出致命的太陽耀斑,導致地球溫度升高,萬物備受炙烤。太陽活動有盛有衰,約以11年為一個周期。大耀斑的確可以破壞通信系統和地球上的其他系統,但科學家們并未發現任何跡象表明太陽將爆發足夠強的太陽風暴烤焦地球,至少在短期內不會如此。
“不管怎么說,事實證明太陽的活動并不嚴格守時,” 莫里森說,“我們預計太陽耀斑的活動周期可能不會在2012年達到峰值,而是會出現在一兩年后?!?/p>
Myth
傳言6
Maya Had Clear Predictions for 2012
瑪雅人曾明確預言2012是何景象
If the Maya didn't expect the end of time in 2012, what exactly did they predict for that year? Many scholars say the empire didn't leave a clear record predicting that anything specific would happen in 2012.
The Maya did pass down a graphic—though undated—end-of-the-world scenario, described on the final page of a circa-1100 text known as the Dresden Codex22). The document describes a world destroyed by flood, a scenario imagined in many cultures and probably experienced, on a less apocalyptic scale, by ancient peoples.
Aveni said the scenario is not meant to be read literally—but as a lesson about human behavior. In fact, Aveni said, the Maya weren't much for predictions. \"The whole timekeeping scale is very past directed, not future directed,\" he said. \"What you read on these monuments of the Long Count are events that connected Maya rulers with ancestors and the divine. The farther back you can plant your roots in deep time, the better argument you can make that you're legit23). And I think that's why these Maya rulers were using Long Count time. It's not about a fixed prediction about what's going to happen.\"
如果瑪雅人并不認為世界末日是在2012年,那么他們究竟對2012年做了什么樣的預言?許多學者表示,瑪雅帝國并沒有留下明確的記載來預測2012年具體會發生什么。
不過,瑪雅人確實遺留下來一幅世界末日圖,但并未注明日期。該圖在約有1100條條文的《德累斯頓法典》的最后一頁,圖中描繪了一個被洪水毀滅的世界,這一場景許多人類文明都曾想象過,古人還有可能經歷過,只不過古人經歷過的并沒有這幅圖所描繪的那么恐怖。
阿韋尼說,這幅圖的目的不是讓人們就圖論圖,而是用來告誡人類要注意自身行為。阿韋尼說,瑪雅人其實并不喜歡預測未來?!艾斞湃说恼麄€歷法是針對過去的,而不是指向未來,”他說,“你所看到的長計歷記載的這些重大日期,均發生過有關瑪雅統治者與先賢圣人的重大事件。統治者把自己的淵源說得越久遠,就越能表明其統治地位是合乎章法、順乎天意的。我認為這才是瑪雅統治者使用長計歷的原因,而不是為了明確預測未來會發生什么事。”
1.debunk [?di??b??k] vt. 揭穿
2.purported [p??p??t?d] adj. 傳說的;謠傳的
3.apocalyptic [??p?k??l?pt?k] adj. 預示大動亂(或大災變)的;預示世界末日恐怖景象的
4.wallop [?w?l?p] vt. 猛擊
5.sear [s??(r)] vt. 燒焦……的表皮;燒灼
6.heyday [?he?de?] n. 最興盛的時期
7.Long Count: 長計歷,瑪雅人創造的一種新的歷法,用于記錄更長的時間,并作為碑文銘刻用的日期。
8.cyclical [?sa?kl?kl; ?s?kl?kl] adj. 循環的,周期的
9.doomsday [?du?mzde?] n. 世界末日
10.mantle [?m?ntl] n. 【地】地幔
11.galactic alignment: 銀河對齊,指銀河系中心的黑洞與太陽、地球排成一條直線。
12.spawn [sp??n] vt. 造成,引起,釀成13.drastic [?dr?st?k; ?drɑ?st?k] adj. 激烈的,猛烈的
14.scenario [s??nɑ?ri??] n. 局面
15.herald [?her?ld] vt. 預示……的來臨
16.horoscope [?h?r?sk??p] n. 星象(尤指某人誕生時各天體的位置)
17.obliterate [??bl?t?re?t] vt. 消滅
18.brown dwarf: 【天】棕矮星,褐矮星
19.lethal [?li?θl] adj. 致死的;毀滅性的
20.solar flare: 【天】太陽耀斑,日暈,日輝
21.wax and wane: (影響等)交替增加和減少;盛衰
22.Dresden Codex: 《德累斯頓法典》,包含了許多天文和歷法信息,如日食、金星凌日以及太陽、月球、恒星的運動變化等。
23.legit [l??d??t] adj. (= legitimate) <口>合法的;正統的