摘 要:2012年《江蘇考試說明》對書面表達的要求越來越高,對文章的語言檔次分類較往年也有很大變化,教者如何在平時的教學中指導學生積累有用語言素材顯得非常必要,本文旨在提出一些切實有效的方法,以期學生能夠寫出精彩的文章,突顯個人的語言魅力。
關鍵詞:語言積累; 技巧方法
中圖分類號:G633.41 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:1006-3315(2012)04-024-002
2012年江蘇考試說明對書面表達的要求較之往年有了很大的改變,對評分細則下的每一類文章都給出了非常詳盡的說明,和以往更加不同的是,今年江蘇考試說明還給出了各個檔次的范文。從所給的幾篇文章中,我們不難發現,在高考英語書面表達中,比較好的英語文章應當注意“應用詞匯和語法結構的數量、上下文的連貫性和語言的得體性”;最高檔次的給分要求中還要求考生能夠“應用較多的語法結構和詞匯;盡力使用較復雜結構或較高級詞匯,具備較強的語言應用能力;有效地使用了語句間的連接成分,使全文結構緊湊”等等。
作為教者,我們可以將英語書面表達教學滲透在教學的每一個環節,學生的語言素材積累無處不在。這樣的習得過程可以滲透在課文教學、練習的評講或是語法的專項復習之中。下面我根據自己在教學中對語言素材積累做的幾點嘗試談談具體的做法。
眾所周知,英語課本中的主副閱讀文章里除了有很豐富的語言信息之外,這些文章里往往包含了很多地道的英語語言表達,非常值得我們模仿使用。例如,在上Canada——land of the maple tree一文時,我們首先當然是幫助學生了解盡可能多的有關加拿大的信息,在了解了一定的語言信息后, 很重要的一個環節便是研讀文中的佳句。如:
Smaller in size, but equally famous, is the city of Vancouver in the province of British Columbia on the Pacific coast.
Nearer to the Atlantic coast is Niagara Falls.
Toronto, the largest city in Canada, is often said to be the most multicultural city in the world.
It is like an underground city, covering an area of more than 20 football pitches.
這些句子或是用了倒裝句,或是用了同位語結構,或是用了非謂語結構,而這些語言結構在英語的書面表達中,都是極為難得的表達形式。如果我們在平時的教學中,能夠潤物細無聲,將語言點點滴滴地滲透下去,讓學生多記誦和模仿寫作,相信長久之后必定會有意想不道的效果。
在平時的練習評講中,我們也要幫助學生成為語言積累的有心人。例如在評講單項選擇題時,我們除了幫助學生分析語法結構和答疑解難之外,更多地要學會去使用句干中的作文素材,尤其是歷屆高考的真題,情境感、時代感強,語言很有生命力,且又非常經得住推敲,這些句子都可以成為我們學生筆下的優美作文語言。筆者對近三年全國各省的單選題做了研究之后發現,高考單選題中有許多值得我們借鑒使用的佳句。例如,在寫關于如何面對人生挫折、困難類文章的時候,Mistakes will happen. Accept it and learn from them.和The way to success is never paved with flowers.這樣的佳句便可以派上用場。而在寫獲得成功過后喜悅之情的語句時The whole nation is in great happiness, as we have worked another wonder, one several generations of sports people have been working for.這樣的語句就顯得非常的貼切。而在寫人們出行方式變化的時候,用上Some people would rather ride bikes as bike riding has none of the trouble of taking buses.這樣的句定能給學生的文章增色不少。在談到助人為樂的重要性時,來一句Helping others is a habit, one you can learn even at an early age.會使學生的文章與眾不同。而如果學生在作文中巧妙地用上It is the ability to do the job that matters not where you come from or what you are. 或It is high time that the government took some measures to strengthen people’s awareness of energy saving.這樣的強調句或特殊句式,想必文章的效果也會大不一樣。
而在完型填空的教學中,我們發現英語試卷中完型填空有很多夾敘夾議的文章,非常貼近平時的實際,可以用在寫作的句子更是比比皆是。如:
It witnessed our cooperation and achievements, through which we improved our ability and broadened our horizons.
In a gesture to ensure the accuracy of data, we did some research through different approaches.
He was a great entertainer, a deep thinker. But he was also kind. I suspect that’s a quality that his audiences were drawn to through the years.
當積累了一定的語言素材之后,若在寫作過程中,再積累一些合適的過渡詞,則整個文章便能煥然一新。在英語的書面表達中,經常被使用的過渡詞有First, next, then, finally...thus, therefore, however, in fact, besides, on the contrary, instead of first, second, what’s more, as a result, what is better,as far as I know/am concerned, personally等。
在In the first place, the bad habit of being wasteful will have a bad effect on their own character. Secondly, it adds financial burden to their parents. Last but not least, the world’s limited natural resources, such as water and electricity,will be used up soon.這樣的段落中,過渡詞的使用使整個段落渾然一體,流暢自如。
有了積累的詞、句、段以及過渡詞,整個文章也會因此而熠熠生輝。我們不妨來欣賞下一段材料:
What is known to us all is that enquiry learning is a beneficial but difficult task. First of all, we made a questionnaire after school. We tried many ways and finally found the best one. After that, we collected the data by referring to the books in the library and surfing the Internet, which took us a lot of time. Then, we interviewed some students and recorded what they said, which we believed would be helpful. After a very long process, we stopped it and began to analyze the data we spent many days collecting. Last but not least, we shared what we found with our classmates. What we did was a great success and all the members were quite happy.
It is such an experience that we won’t forget it forever.
一開始的主語從句很吸引人,后面的過渡詞First of all, After that, Then, Last but not least,用得很貼切,最后的such…that句型使人印象深刻。
因此,在平時的教學中,只要我們能幫助學生做學習的有心人和實踐者,在愉悅的語言學習中注重各個方面的語言積累,循序漸進,要在高考賽場上寫出精彩文章便是水到渠成的事了。