從高考閱卷看高考英語書面表達得分策略

李永紅

(山東省淄博實驗中學)

本人有幸參加了今年的山東省高考書面表達閱卷，了解到了一些書面表達的評分細則和注意事項，注意到了一些弊端和問題，由此想到了一些書面表達備考中的重難點及寫作中的策略，記錄下來共享讀者。

一、高考英語書面表達評分細則

二、注意事項

評分時，現根據文章的內容和語言初步確定是否及格線。

詞數少于120，從應得分中減去2分。關于大錯、小錯的問題：

小錯：單詞拼寫、冠詞、大小寫、標點符號錯誤。

大錯：搭配錯誤、詞語用錯（介詞、名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞）、時態、語態、主謂一致、非謂語動詞、句式等錯誤。

三、專家所給的幾個樣板分

(1)

I am sorry to tell you that our plan to visit Beijing next weekend has to be delayed because I have an activity of great significance to take part in.

Word came that the Student Union of my school is going to hold an activity which aims to encourage citizens to lead a low-carbon life on the next weekend.Nowadays,it’s exactly too much emission of greenhouse gases that causes the greenhouse effect and does serious damage to the environment.As a consequence,I think it’s quite necessary to spread the benefits of low-carbon life.What’s more,although travelling is an excellent idea,if I missed the opportunity,I’ll regret in a long time.

However,we can carry out our plan on the first weekend of next month.What about your opinion?

Look forward to your reply.

(專家點評：有虛擬，語法結構復雜。得分28)

(2)

I’m so sorry to tell you that I can’t go on the trip to Beijing with you next weekend.It’s a pity that I can’t go with you.I had been so excited about it.But now,I can’t do it.

Next weekend,my school has a very im-portant activity.Many old students of my school will come to see the change of their mother school.As the master of my class,I have to attend the activity to guard them around my school and tell them the new things in my school.After these,I will have lunch with them.

How about going to Beijing another time?How about the coming summer holiday?During the holiday we have more time to enjoy the beautiful city,please write to me soon if you agree.(22分)

(3)

I will talk something to you.You can’t feel very happy.Next Sunday we should go a trip to Beijing,but next sunday I have something to do.I’m sorry to.I can’t go a trip,but something must be done.

As the matter of fact,my sister had a baby.He only have two years old,next Sunday my sister is busy to do work,she doesn’t have any time.So I have to help her.I must look after her baby.I will try my best to help my sister.I think do this thing is very hard,because many babys often cry.I don’t know how to do.

Next Sunday I doesn’t have more time,so we can’t go a trip.This Sunday!Do you have more time?if you have,we can go a trip on this Sunday.Can you?

(專家給分：14 分)

四、閱卷中發現的問題和不利因素

學生寫作中的一些問題：

1.洋洋灑灑型。一些學生洋洋灑灑寫了很多失約的理由，甚至扯到了世博，然而題目要求的三個要點只表達了兩個，或者一個，失分較多，直接就不及格了。語言要是再有點問題，那就得分很低了。

2.錯誤百出型。有些文章要點全有，但是語句錯誤百出，如果錯的只是單詞拼寫、冠詞、大小寫、標點符號等較小錯誤倒是扣分不多，及格還是能撈回來的。但如果是大錯，如搭配錯誤、詞語用錯（介詞、名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞）、時態、語態、主謂一致、非謂語動詞、句式等錯誤，那分數就會被從及格分以上扣到及格分以下了。

3.平淡無味型。大多數的文章屬于這個類型，要點也夠了，語言也沒有大錯，但是所寫內容就和便條一樣，所給的失約理由尋找得不當。導致語言無味，所學高級詞匯和句式用不上，更有甚者，詞數就不能達到要求，這樣就只能是及格分左右了。

雙頻閱卷對學生的不利方面：

雙頻制度讓高分凸顯機會大大減少。雖然雙頻閱卷挽救了一些中等層次分數被誤判的可能性，避免了一些不合理現象。但它也同時將高分試卷凸顯的概率降低了。如上面兩那篇專家給的28分文章如果放到實際閱卷過程中去，要想得到28分概率卻很低，因為雙頻閱卷條件下，學生作文的最后得分是一頻和二頻得分在差距不超過六分的情況下的平均值。凡是超過6分（含6分）就投入三頻閱卷，三頻閱讀的分數接近的那個分數有效，另一個差值大的成為無效勞動。這樣一來如果一頻給得比較靠近真實分數是28，那么二頻有可能給這樣幾個有效分數23，24，25，26，27，28，（29 大家都不敢給，那是要接受審查的，在保險心理作用下，很多老師寧可少給一分）,而這幾個分數中，只有二頻也給28，學生才能得到這個真實分數。而這個概率大家都看得到，不到20%。還有一種可能，如果一頻也給得保守，那么這個真實分數學生就完全沒有可能得到了。綜合起來，學生得到這個真實分數的可能就只有5%了。

所以，這就要求我們更多關注高分突破的策略，以博得兩頻老師的歡心了。

五、書面表達得分策略

高考書面表達閱卷一般不會輕易給0分和30分的滿分，除掉這兩個分數，13，18，23這三個分數是很重要的三個分水嶺，當然低分就沒有研究價值了，關于高分突破，本人總結了如下幾點供大家參考。

(一)“全、準、高”是三個境界

全，即要點要全。只要具備了作文要求的三個內容要點，就可以得到及格分18分，但是如果表達中硬傷太多，還是要適當扣分的。詞數不夠也會在此基礎上扣掉2分。

準，即表達準確。如果三個內容要點都全了，表達也準確，可得到上到第二個臺階23分。

高，即表達中有復雜句式，高級詞匯。如果做到了全準高這三點作文要得到26-29就沒有什么問題了。

(二)突破23分的招數

尋找合適的話題契機是關鍵。這個話題契機是自己尋找的，自己創作的基點，它要便于自己的行文發展有話可說，便于自己展現自己的文采，便于插入高級句式的表達。做好這一步等于搭好樓臺框架。對于多數學生來說他們需要克服“創作即是撒謊”的心理陰影。旅美學者祁壽華曾說“廣義地說，創造活動貫穿于寫作的全過程。寫作本身就是一種創造！ ”行動(action)，行動者(actors)，環境(setting)，動機(motive)，方法(method)這 5 個成分是戲劇和許多文學作品的基本要素，借用在寫作上，則是個很有成效的寫作方法。我們的學生往往沒有找到合適的環境，即沒有找到合適的話題契機。從而其創作過程受阻。

行文準確流暢是得分的根本。這要求我們平時打好文法基礎，考試時也要再三檢查將錯誤減少到最少。

靈活使用高級句式是得高分的依據。靈活準確使用倒裝、虛擬、主從復合句（包括定語從句、主語從句、狀語從句、同位語從句等）、非謂語、獨立主格到自己的文章中是吸引老師眼球拔高老師視線的彩球。

六、佳作舉例（文中有些許小錯未加修改）

A

I am writing to apologize to you for my being absent from our travel to Beijing next weekend.It is because something important suddenly happened and I can’t get away from it.So I have to say sorry to you.

Do you remember the earthquake that hit Qinghai Province?Because of the great damage it caused,people there are now leading a hard life.Many poor people there don’t have any shelters and even have to sleep in the open air.Having no electricity and basic facilities,they are in bad conditions that are beyond our imagination.After hearing the news,our school is going to launch a campaign.Next weekend,we will go outside the school and appeal to passers-by to raise money for the reconstruction in Qinghai.

Well,all in all,that’s why I have to put off our appointment.Hope you can accept my apology.Actually,I don’t want to miss so wonderful a travel with you.what about going to Beijing next month.

Look forward to your reply.

B

Although having longed for the trip to Beijing for a long time,I am particularly sorry to tell you that the appointment will be cancelled or the following reasons.

I am going to be more than busy next week.With the exam approaching,I have to concentrate on my attentions to prepare for it.Besides,next weekends our class will have an English speech about leading low carbon life style.I have signed up for it early.So busy I am that I can’t accompany you to visit Beijing next weekend.

However,don’t lower your spirit and please cheer up.Once I have finished those complex tasks,we can have another plan to Beijing.We might as well date the time for the next month.As for the clear time,I will immediately announce you after getting a good idea to my plan.

Wish you have a good time every day and make progress in your study.Don’t forget to keep in touch with me when you have free time.

Best wishes!

[1]山東省閱卷評分細則[M].2010.

[2]祁壽華.西方寫作理論、教學與實踐[M].上海：上海外語教育出版社，2000.