院士風采

彭桓武

1915.10.6～2007

物理學家。原籍湖北麻城，生于吉林長春。1935年畢業于清華大學。1940年獲英國愛丁堡大學哲學博士學位。中國科學院理論物理研究所研究員、所長、名譽所長。英國皇家愛爾蘭科學院院士。主要從事理論物理基礎和應用研究并取得顯著成就。回國前研究固體理論、介子理論和量子場理論。回國后研究輕原子核理論，對分子結構提出新的處理方法，并對鋼錠快速加熱工藝問題作過理論的應用研究，結果與同時的實驗符合。在反應堆理論與工程方面作過初期的培訓工作。幫助過核工廠制定臨界安全規定。參與領導中國第一代原子彈和氫彈的理論研究設計時也作出了具體的重要貢獻。近來對量子多體問題提出了自洽場的推廣理論。

1955年選聘為中國科學院院士（學部委員）。

Physicist. Born in Changchun, Jilin Province. Graduated from Tsinghua University in 1935. Received Ph.D. from Edinburgh University, UK in 1940.Research professor, director and honorary director, Institute of Theoretical Physic, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Member of the Royal Irish Academy,Dublin.

Peng has been mainly engaged in the basic and applied studies of theoretical physics and has made significant achievements. While abroad, he worked on quantum theory of solids, mesons and fields. After he returned to China, he worked on quantum theory of light nuclei, proposed a new scheme to study the structure of molecules and did some theoretical studies on the fast heating of steel-ingots with results in agreement with those of the concurrent experimental studies. He helped,during the initial stage, to train scientists and engineer in nuclear reactor theory and engineering. He assisted some factories to formulate the critical safey regulations. While participating in directing the theoretical research and design of China's first atomic and hydrogen bombs, he also made some definite important contributions. Recently, he proposed a general theory of self-consistent field for the treatment of quantum many-body problem.

He became Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1955.

1905.12.20～1998.12.28

物理學家。江蘇灌云人。1929年畢業于北京師范大學。1940年在巴黎大學獲法國國家科學博士學位。中國科學院聲學研究所研究員、所長、名譽所長。開創了中國水聲學和國防水聲學研究，創建、組織和直接領導了有關研究工作，創建好發展了中國第一支水聲科技隊伍，為中國物理學研究、國防科技和科學事業的發展做出了突出貢獻。40年代在大小離子平衡態研究方面取得出色成果，被稱為“郎之萬—汪德昭—布里加理論”。數十年來在聲學諸多方面取得獨創性成果。

1955年選聘為中國科學院院士（學部委員）。

Phsicist. Born in Guanyun, Jiangsu Province. Graduated from Beijing Normal University in 1929. Received France national doctor degree in Paris University in 1940. Research professor, director and honorary director, Institute of Acoustics，Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Wang opened up the research of Chinese underwater acoustics and defense underwater acoustics. He established,organized and directly led the research work, and set up and developed the first team of Chinese underwater acoustics science and technology. He made significant contributions to the research of Chinese physics and the development of national defenes science and technology.He obtained a significant achievement in the research of the equilibrium of big and small ions, which was named “Langevin-Wang Dezhao-Bricard's theory”. He made original results in several aspects in the past decades.

He became Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1957.

汪德昭

吳文俊

1919.5.12～

數學家。上海人。1940年畢業于上海交通大學。1949年獲法國國家科學博士學位。現任中國科學院系統研究學研究所研究員、名譽所長。國際純粹數學與應用數學中國中心首席主席。中國數學機械化研究的創始人。50年代在示性類、示嵌類等研究方面的取得一系列突出成果（即“吳文俊公式”、“吳文俊示性類”等）。近年來創立了定理機器證明的“吳方法”，影響巨大，它將引起數學研究的方式的變革。

1955年選聘為中國科學院院士（學部委員）。

Mathematician. Born in Shanghai. Graduated from Shanghai Jiaotong University in 1940. Received Docteur es Sciences of France in 1949. Research professor and honorary director,Institute of Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Wu is the originator in the research of mathematics mechanization in China. In the 1950s, he made outstanding achievements in Characteristic classes and imbedding classes(Wu's Formulas, Wu's classes, etc.). Recently, he has invented Wu's Method to prove geometry theorems by computers,which will bring about the reformation of mathematical research methods.

He became Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1957.

葛庭燧

1913.5.3～2000.4.29

金屬物理學家。山東蓬萊人。1937年畢業于清華大學（理學士）。1940年燕京大學理碩士。1937年畢業于清華大學（理學士）。1940年燕京大學理碩士。1943年獲美國加州大學（伯克利）物理學博士學位。隨后在麻省理工學院光譜實驗室、輻射實驗室和芝加哥大學金屬研究所進行研究。1949年回國，任清華大學物理系教授，中國科學院應用物理所、金屬所研究員，固體物理所所長、名譽所長。主要長期從事固體內消耗，晶體缺陷和力學性質等方面的研究，是固體內消耗研究領域的創始人之一。在內消耗理論、實驗研究、儀器研制等方面取得多項出色成果，作出了開創性貢獻，因此榮獲“內耗與超生衰減國際獎”。首創了“葛型扭擺”首先發現“葛式峰”，首先提出“晶界無序原子群模型”和“位錯氣團彎結模型”，奠定了非線性滯彈性這一新學科的實驗基礎。

1955年選聘為中國科學院院士（學部委員）。

Metal physicist. Born in Penglai, Shandong Province.Received BS from Tsinghua University in 1937, MS from Yanjing University in 1940 and Ph.D. in physics from University of California at Berkeley, USA in 1943. Did research at MIT Spectroscopy Laboratory and Radiation Laboratory from 1943 to 1945 and Institute for the Study of Metals of Chicago University from 1945 to 1949. Returned to China in 1949.Professor of physics, Tsinghua University, research professor ,Institute of Applied Physics and honorary director, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Ge has carried out research mainly on internal friction,lattice defects and mechanical properties of solids. He is one of the founders of the research on internal friction in solids. He has achieved numerous outstanding results in the theoretical and experimental research on internal friction and the development of scientific instruments, and made creative contributions for which he was awarded the International Prize on Internal Friction and Ultrasonic Attenuation in 1989.He was the first to set up the “Ke Pendulum”, discover the “Ke Peak” and propose the “Disordered Atomic Group Model of Grain Boundary” and the “Kink establishing the experimental foundation of the mew discipline of nonlinear anelasticity.

He became Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1955.