英語中的句子有兩種語態:主動語態和被動語態。主動語態表示主語是謂語動詞的執行者。被動語態表示主語是謂語動詞的承受者。
試比較:The students clean the classroom every day.學生們每天打掃教室。
The classroom is cleaned every day.教室每天打掃。
被動語態的謂語動詞為“be+動詞過去分詞”,不同的時態通過be動詞的形式變化表示,其變化如下表(以play為例):
考點:
(1)被動語態表示“被、由”用介詞by,但注意:be covered with 被……覆蓋; be filled with 裝滿…… ; be known to 為……所知道
These mountains are covered with snow all the year round.那些山上終年積雪。
The children’s stockings are filled with presents on Christmas Eve.圣誕前夜孩子們的長統襪里裝滿了禮物。
The Great Wall is known to the people all over the world.長城為全世界的人所知道。
(2)在被動語態中,幫助構成及物動詞短語的介詞或副詞不能少
The old are taken good care of in our country.在我們國家老人得到很好的照料。
(3)不及物動詞沒有被動語態,有些表示狀態的及物動詞不用被動語態,常見的有cost(花費),fit(適合),have(占有),hold(容納),last(持續),own(擁有),belong to(屬于)。
We have friends all over the world.我們的朋友遍天下。
Taiwan island belongs to China.臺灣屬于中國。
(4)make, see, hear在被動結構中,其后的補足語要加上to.
The boss made the workers work twelve hours every day.老板讓工人們每天工作12個小時。
The workers were made to work twelve hours every day.工人們每天被迫工作12個小時。
It is said that Lily has gone to Hong Kong.
Lily is said to have gone to Hong Kong.
據說莉莉到香港去了。
(6)要求跟雙賓語的動詞在被動語態中,主語可以是謂語動詞的間接賓語(指人),也可以是直接賓語(指物),但如是物則要求在間接賓語前加介詞to/for。如:
We have been given much help.
Much help has been given to us.我們已被給予很多幫助。
(7)用主動語態表示被動含義:
①感官動詞feel/taste/look/smell/sound/等用作連系動詞;
This material feels very soft.這個材料感覺柔軟。
②lock/open/read/sell/wash/write等表示事物的性質、材料的質地時;
The door of my bedroom locks easily.我臥室的門容易鎖上。
This pen doesn’t write well.這支鋼筆不好寫。
③need, be worth, deserve 等后用v-ing表示被動;
This book is worth reading.這本書值得讀。
This pair of trousers needs repairing.這條褲子需要補。
④動詞不定式主動表示被動。
There are twenty more trees to plant.還有20棵樹要栽。
This question is hard to answer.這個問題難回答。
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